Clitic

A clitic (plural: clitics ) is a weak or unstressed word at a neighboring ( stressed ) word inspired ' ( hence the name from Greek ἐγκλίνειν ( enklínein ) "( tilt )"). Clitics can not be isolated and occur independently. They are not free, independent and words occupy a special position between free words and affixes.

A distinction is made between Proklitika and enclitics. The former are inspired by the following word, previous to the latter. Clitics can occur also in the midst of a verb ( between prefix and root word ): for example, in Lithuanian ( " užsisakyti " "order" refl ).

The word to which leans a clitic, ie hosts and together with the clitic a prosodic unit, usually a phonological word. Depending on the language, the accent will be awarded within the phonological word only after the Klitisierung. Then the Klitisierung makes for a shift in emphasis.

Clitics are further differentiated according to the type of host: It can be syntactically determined or limited to a morphological category either. Clitics, which are subject to Wackernagel's law, must be at the second position in the sentence, their position and host is therefore determined syntactically. Pronominal clitics in the Romance languages ​​, however, must always be on the verb, the position and host is therefore determined morphologically.

Linguistic definition

The clitic ( Greek: κλιτικόν ( clitic ) is the Anlehnende, support word ) is a weakly stressed morpheme which attaches itself to the adjacent word to be without its affix. Attaching often changed the syllabic structure. A number of criteria have been proposed, which can differentiate the clitics from affixes. So affixation often caused idiosyncratic morphological forms, while hosts rarely change when adding clitics.

Clitics in different languages ​​/ dialects

Bavarian

In Bairischen many pronouns have an unstressed counterpart that follows mostly on verbs or conjunctions. Also, two unstressed forms are next to each other. The following examples refer to the Südbairische:

• I gib'n 's ( I'll give him the dative stands in front of the accusative, possibly i give eam 's)
• Hiatzan down hauma'n (now we knock him down )
• When imi Umschau (when I look around me )
• I say just because it ( I 'm telling you (e) s )
• " There's " instead of " there "
• "'S are " instead of " there "

Some pronominal forms have been grammaticalized and are regarded in certain contexts as endings, in the following sentence, for example, the pronoun seems to me ( us) three times (twice unstressed ):

• "... Weilmà Hamma me ka house" (because we do not have a house )

Romance Languages

In the Romance languages ​​, there are two sets of pronouns: the stressed pronoun and the clitic pronoun. The use is grammaticalized. It is necessary, for example to highlight a vorerwähntes Verbargument klitisch when it is resumed. If instead a stressed pronouns, the sentence would be grammatically. Simultaneous occurrence of argument noun phrase, and clitic subject to strict limitations. The position of clitics is determined morphologically: they stand behind infinite verbs and imperatives to which they are directly connected in the case, but before the finite verb forms from which they are separated in the case.

If more than one argument is expressed by a clitic, the clitics form a sequence which can not be separated. This sequence will change - depending on grammatical category of the verb - as well as a single clitic position.

The rules for the syntax of clitics in Altromanischen are governed by the so-called Tobler- Mussafia - law after the clitics followed in all the Romance languages ​​from the Middle Ages to the verb at the beginning of a sentence, regardless of whether this was finitely or infinitely: altital. fecelo but neuital. lo fece ( he made it ), altspan. recibiólo but neuspan. recibió lo ( he received it / him ). While most Romance languages ​​have grammaticalized today mainly in the Proklise definite verbs, European Portuguese is the in this respect, the most ancient language because it has stopped at the medieval level requirements: old and newport. chamo -me ( I call myself ). The Brazilian Portuguese is innovative in this respect, because there is here, as in all other Romance languages ​​conjugated verbs Proklise. Further from the medieval state of language, the French developed away, the only Proklise tolerated up to the imperative ( infinitive and gerund even with ). Similar conditions prevail in Sardinian.

Other

• Means Bavarian ". GLang ma's bread, bittschön " ( Give me the bread ... ) "? G'heat 's hiatz mia " (? Heard that now me), " d' landlady z'Oftering " ( The Woman from / of Oftering )
• Saarland: " Haschesem gesaat? " ( Did you tell him - triple klitisch ?)
• Swiss German: " gömer " ( we go)
• English: ". 'm Here " (= " I am here ", dt I 'm here. ) ( = " We see them", dt We see them. ) "We see ' em. ". Possibly. also "my friend 's car" ( from "my friend his car ," the "His genitive " )
• Plautdietsch: " Waut wella bloos of mie " (What he just wants me to do? )
• Czech: " Kdy ses ho na to ptal " ( When you asked him about it? )
• Lower: " Ga sy se za to pšašał jogo " ( When you asked him about it? )
• (Old) Lithuanian ". Pamiduok " (Give me ).
• Polish: " COZES zrobił? " ( What have you done? )
• Kölsch: " Ham_mer_et_jëz " ( Are we now?)
• Modern Greek: ". Αυτά είναι τα πράγματά μου " ( These are my things and the word " πράγματα " gets an additional accent on the last syllable)
• Ancient Greek: ". Οὗτος ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν " (This is a man; " ἐστίν " gives his accent to the previous word starting at )
• Hebrew: " אהבתיך " ( ahavtich ): I 've got you (fem. ) loved.