Consonant gradation
The stage change ( Fin astevaihtelu, Estn. Astmevaheldus, Engl gradation ) is the periodic change in the consonants on the border between the penultimate and final syllable of a word according to quantity and quality. This quantity is in this context that changes the length of the consonants, quality, however, that changes the way the consonants. In Estonian vowels may be subject to level change.
The stage change comes in the Baltic Finnish languages (except in Wepsischen and Livonian ), the Sami and the Nganasanischen before, both in the declension of nouns and adjectives as well as in the conjugation of verbs.
In Finnish and Estonian two stages are distinguished in stage change, namely the strong and the weak level, however, the Sami has three stages.
Trigger is originally the change of the last syllable of the word of open ( usually the strong level) to closed ( low level). Participation in this process is guided by the age of the grammatical feature. Younger phenomena such as Clitics therefore trigger a rule of no level change.
- 2.1 Quantitative stage change (visible)
- 2.2 Quantitative stage change (invisible)
- 2.3 Qualitative stage change
Finnish
In Finnish, the stage change is limited to the plosives p, t and k It is available both the quantitative and the qualitative stage change:
Quantitative stage change
In this type of stage change, the length of the consonant changes, a larger quantity is called a strong level. Frequently, this change occurs when changing from the nominative to the genitive (the one in Finland has the ending- n), as well as the change from the infinitive to the first -person singular present indicative (which in Finnish also the ending- n has ):
Qualitative stage change
In this type of step change is changing the nature of the consonants, or it falls away completely, for example:
Some consonant clusters, there are deviations which are mostly based on assimilation, moreover, a k between two u or y v are:
No stage change can be found at the following consonant combinations: pt, kt, tk, sp, st, sk and (mostly) hk, even with proper names can vary the use.
Estonian
The Estonian stage change though based historically on the same principle as the Finnish, but he has the more advanced sound development of the Estonian today a completely different shape. As in Finland, a distinction between qualitative and quantitative change in the latter case a distinction between the visible and the invisible is still made. Another difference from Finnish is that the Estonian stage change is not limited to the plosives, but can practically capture all sounds. There are three Estonian quantities, of which, however, can occur up to two within a word. The step changes can therefore take place between short and long, or between long and long, so there are only two levels per word. The difference between long and long is orthographically not appear in the rule (hence, visible 'and' invisible '), but of course he is heard. Only in plosives p, t, k, all three stages have their own notation: pp for an over-long p, p is a normal p and b for a weak p, but this is still voiceless, so no b. Phonetically, it is rendered as [ B]. In the following tables, the long syllable is marked with an accent (`), as it is done in some textbooks.
Quantitative stage change (visible)
Kasusabkürzungen: G = genitive, N = nominative, P = partitive
As well as in some other consonant combinations.
Quantitative stage change (invisible)
Kasusabkürzungen: G = genitive, N = nominative, P = partitive
As well as in some other consonant clusters and vowels and diphthongs all.
Qualitative stage change
Kasusabkürzungen: G = genitive, N = nominative, P = partitive
As well as in some other consonant combinations.
Sami
In Sami the stage change is so complex that only a few examples will suffice:
- Bb > pp: oabbá ( "sister" ) > oappá ( genitive - accusative )
- Dd> dd: Loddi ( "Bird " ) > lotti ( genitive - accusative )
- Hk > g: johka ( "river" ) > joga ( genitive - accusative )
- Hc> z: čeahci ( "uncle" ) > čeazi ( genitive - accusative )
- Pm > m: Sápmi ( " Sami land") > sámi ( genitive - accusative )
- Tn > n: latnja ( " room") > lanja ( genitive - accusative )
With some sound sequences the weak level is not shorter but longer:
- Ld > ldd: Saldi ( " Bridge") > šalddi ( genitive - accusative )
- Rf > rff: Marfi ( " sausage " ) > márffi ( genitive - accusative )
The stage change sometimes occurs together with a change in vocalism ( Monophthongisierung ) to:
- Oa > o and ht > đ: goahti ( " Sami tent " ) > gođiin ( " in the Sami tents " )
Nganasan
Nganasan a stage change has in connection with the phonemes h, t, k, s and ś and Nasalverbindungen nh [ NH], nt, nk [ nk ], ns and ns. He is primarily determined by the number of syllables ( even / odd ) ( Rhythmic stage change), and secondarily on the quality of the syllable ( open / closed) ( syllabic stage change). Both stages changes occur gradually, but never twice in the same syllable. Straight or open syllables lead to strong level.
This system is modified by some rules. So always lead vocal sequences to a weak level of the following syllable. However, they are only in the root syllable ( CVV ) twice ( phonologically ), in other positions they are only " single-value ", which in turn has an impact on the rhythmic level change. After a consonant, however, only a strong stage may follow, it being understood here also of hypothetical (zero consonants ) C or N to irregular stage change - to establish - of which there are quite a number.
There is a connection to a called nunation appearance, in the restituted at low level of the nasal starkstufige if the previous syllable is composed of a ( single ) Nasal vowel plus ( sequence).
On the stage change based distinction among three ng. Strain variants ( (S1 ) nominative singular, (S2 ) genitive / accusative singular (~ nominative plural ), ( S3) genitive plural). S2 and S3 can be - apart from the inflectional ending - but differ only due to a change in the Stammauslautvokals not always occur. S2 changes / supplements his Stammauslautvokal only conditionally, for example, at Konsonantstämmen.
Examples:
Swell
- Hans -Hermann Bartensleben: Textbook of Saami ( Lapp ) language, Helmut Buske Verlag Hamburg 1989, ISBN 3-87118-885-9, pages 22-27, 30-39
- Cornelius Hasselblatt: Grammatical Dictionary of the Estonian. Third, revised edition. Wiesbaden: . Harrassowitz 2008 (Publications of the Societas Uralo - altaica 77)
- Fred Karlsson: Finnish grammar. 4th edition. Hamburg: Buske, 2004.
- Michael Katzschmann: Chrestomathia Nganasanica: text, translation, glossary, grammar; ..., BoD Norderstedt 2008, ISBN 978-3837011210, pp. 346 ff ( stage change), 351 ff ( nunation ), 336 ff (master classes)
- Gibberish band 192, Sami Lapland word for word, ISBN 3-89416-360-7, pages 21-24
- Gibberish Volume 15, Finnish word for word, 2002, ISBN 3-89416-014-4, pages 20-22
- Dr. Richard Semrau: Langenscheidts Practical textbook Finnish, 1995, ISBN 3-468-26140-3, pages 58-59
- Gibberish Volume 55, Estonian word for word, 2002, ISBN 3-89416-245-7, pages 52-54