Cor anglais
Missing Infobox musical instrument / Maintenance / sound parameters example: template
The cor anglais (or English Horn ) is a woodwind instrument, the alto instrument of the oboe family, which has a firm place in the romantic and the modern symphony orchestra. In the 19th century the instrument was referred to as Alt- oboe or alto oboe.
The sound generation is done by a double reed. The instrument does not end in a funnel like the oboe, but has called a pear -shaped bell, also called " Liebesfuß ". This gives it in combination with the S- arc mentioned, bent connecting piece between the reed and the instrument body, a covered, warm, elegischeren and less rasping sound. The cor anglais is deeper voted as the oboe standing in c in f, ie by a fifth.
The term " English horn " is not because the instrument dates from around England. Most likely origin of the name is the French term cor Anglí ( bent horn), which has been transformed into cor anglais ( " English Horn "); also conceivable that the name derives from "Angel Horn " developed (angels playing on sacred images horns reminiscent of the English horn ) is. In Italy, the English horn is called Corno inglese. It is a further development of the angled, used by Johann Sebastian Bach oboe da caccia ( Jagdoboe ) may; for this is the fact that several English horns of the Leipzig instrument maker time of Bach Johann Eichentopf were found in the Instrument Museum Copenhagen. However, it must be assumed that the English horn is like most of the instruments oboe first appeared in France and indeed as a further development of the alto oboe in F, the so-called " taille de haut bois". Today's English horns are being built, but still have a curved intermediate portion, the so-called S -loop, which forms the connection between the mouthpiece and instrument and has an enormous influence on intonation and sound.
A popular example of the Baroque is the Christmas Oratorio by Johann Sebastian Bach, the da caccia provides both two oboes and oboes d' amore and two oboes. When performed with modern instruments caccia English horns are used instead of the oboe since. In some works of the Viennese classical music (for example, Joseph Haydn, Symphony No. 22, Beethoven, Trio op 87 for 2 oboes and English horn ) one encounters several times on the instrument, but it has special meaning, especially in the romantic music gained. Impressive solo passages can be found among others in Hector Berlioz ( " Le Carnaval Romain ", " Symphonie Fantastique " ), Richard Wagner ( " Tannhauser " in the 1.Szene of 3.Aufzugs of " Tristan and Isolde " ), Giuseppe Verdi ( " A Masked Ball "," Othello " ), Antonín Dvořák ( Symphony No. 9 ), Gioachino Rossini ( " William Tell " Overture ), in orchestral songs by Gustav Mahler ( " I am lost to the world " ), the Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss or Jean Sibelius ( " The Swan of Tuonela "). Many of the above passages are regarded as so-called audition pieces, their control must be provided at audition test. Works in which the English horn is used as a soloist, but are rare in this period. Among the few relevant compositions Felix Draeseke protrudes Little Suite for English Horn and Piano, Op 87. As most important works the Concertino for English horn and orchestra by Gaetano Donizetti and " Omaggio a Bellini " are further to call for English Horn and Harp by Antonio Pasculli. Among the modern composers who devoted themselves to the instrument, including, inter alia, Arthur Honegger ( "Concerto da camera " for flute, English horn and string orchestra), Gordon Jacob ( " Rhapsody " for English Horn and String Orchestra ), Paul Hindemith ( Sonata for English horn and piano), Aaron Copland ( " Quiet City " for English horn, trumpet and string orchestra) and Ned Rorem ( Concerto for English Horn and Orchestra ). In the modern orchestra literature about the " Le Sacre du Printemps " by Igor Stravinsky and Bela Bartok's Concerto for Orchestra challenging works with most dreaded solo passages dar.
In modern symphony orchestras, the English horn is considered secondary or changing instrument of the oboe. Large orchestra with sufficient funds employ a private English horn player, dedicated exclusively to the respective sections, while most of the smaller second oboist is signed for the English horn and possibly changes during a concert between two instruments. In this case, an additional oboist will only be consulted if expressly provided for in the work of a dedicated English horn part and a change is not possible. The notes are written in accordance with transposing ( a company listed c ' sounds then as f ), so that the exporting oboist can use the usual handles, even if they change mid-sentence. The English horn part can thus be listed in the second, third rare oboe as a removable voice or as a separate part. Sometimes you can in old editions of the English horn part in its first oboe as a removable voice find (eg: Dvorak, Symphony No. 9, 2nd movement ), even though this practice is no longer common today, and the first oboist paused in this case.
A sister instrument the English horn, the oboe d' amore, which also has a pear -shaped bell, a major third sounds higher and is tuned to a. One could speak of a mezzo- soprano in the " oboe family " here.