Diesel fuel

Diesel, diesel oil, AGO (Automotive gas oil )

Fossil

68476-34-6

2 ... 4.5 mm2 / s ( 40 ° C)

0.820 ... 0.845 kg / L ( 15 ° C)

42.5 MJ / kg ( 11.8 kWh / kg, 35 MJ / L)

45.4 MJ / kg ( 12.6 kWh / kg, 37.4 MJ / L)

• > 51 CZ ( Standard)
• > 60 CZ ( Aral Ultimate Diesel )

170 ... 390 ° C

> 55 ° C

2.65 kg / L

Risk

Diesel fuel (including diesel fuel or diesel oil called ) is a mixture of different hydrocarbons which is suitable as a fuel for a diesel engine. Deviating there is the specification for marine diesel or marine diesel oil.

Term

Diesel is a Deonym after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of the diesel engine. Biodiesel is indeed capable of taking precautions, including the operation of motors according to the Diesel cycle, but is chemically different substance.

Varieties

Currently several varieties of petroleum -based diesel fuels for cars offered on the German market, all of which must meet the requirements of DIN EN 590 pursuant to § 4 of 10 BlmSchV:

• "Standard" diesel
• Premium diesel with GTL addition, increased cetane number and special additives

Especially with the premium fuels is to recognize that brand companies by special additives or quality improvement try to distinguish themselves from other suppliers.

After adjustment of the DIN EN 590 ( May 2010 issue ) is to meet the requirements of the EC Directive 98/70/EC to meet the biofuel quota a FAME admixture of up to 7 % by volume ( " B7 Diesel" ) allowed. The national standard DIN 51628 (August 2008) for B7- diesel is accordingly no longer needed and is omitted.

Production

Diesel is a mixture of kerosene, various middle distillate fractions of currently up to 7 volume percent biodiesel and various additives ( in the ppm range ). Kerosene and gas oil are mostly obtained by the fractionation of crude oil as a middle distillate fractions and desulfurization for diesel production (see: hydrodesulfurization ). In addition, middle distillate fractions come from cracking units used (eg kerosene hydrocracker (HCU ), HCU gas oil). Diesel is tailored to the necessary qualities mixture, a blend. The available components can greatly varying qualities ( crude oil dependent ), so that each batch with different mixing ratios (kerosene / light gas oil / heavy gas oil) must be prepared, if necessary, in order to meet all the required specifications can. Furthermore, are the products of fuel oil and jet relative to ( almost) all components in direct competition with diesel fuel (see also: interface production). Therefore different needs volumes of middle distillate products have an impact on the composition of diesel.

To influence the cold properties of diesel fuel, an increased proportion of kerosene must be added (see below, CFPP ) in winter.

Additives

To raise the ignition to predetermined specification values ​​and thus improve the ignitability of diesel fuel, tetranitromethane, amyl nitrate, acetone peroxide or 2 -ethylhexyl nitrate may be added. These additives increase partly toxicity ( toxicity) of the fuel. Measure of the ignition quality is the cetane number (CZ). The higher the cetane number, the lower the ignition lag, which indicates the time interval between start of injection and ignition of the fuel. Especially in winter, the increased amounts of kerosene (CZ ≈ 45) are mixed in diesel ( CZ> 51), such additives are required.

The cloud point and the Filtrierbarkeitsgrenze (English Cold Filter Plugging Point, CFPP ) can be reduced by appropriate additives. By schmiereigenschaftserhöhende additives ( Lubricity Additives ), the lubricity of diesel fuel be guaranteed (see below).

In addition to these additives, the most important still, a variety of other additives such as oxidation inhibitors, anti-foam agents, corrosion inhibitors, detergents to prevent deposits in the injection system, conductivity, flavoring agents, and biocides added.

In Germany 2007, approximately 35.3 million tons of diesel fuel (including inland waterway transport diesel ) were prepared.

Properties

The main constituents of the diesel fuel are predominantly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons having from about 9 to 22 carbon atoms per molecule and a boiling range between 170 ° C and 390 ° C. This fuel had a very broad fractionation range, which is why the comparatively large number of serious proportions could lead to carbon blacks of the engine before 1995. Tighter specifications ( density 95 - % point s, u ) of this risk, however, have considerably reduced.

Other properties are determined by the specifications.

Specifications

Other ingredients and properties are governed by the European Standard EN 590. The standard has been published in Germany as DIN EN 590 and has formerly valid DIN 51601 and DIN 51628 replaced here than DIN. Furthermore, many brand name companies put additional internal specifications or exacerbate the specifications regarding the standard.

Dispensers Stickers

According to § 13 of the 10 BlmSchV fuel quality at the pump and at the gas station is to make clearly visible. In Germany, therefore, can be found in all diesel fuel pumps at the 10th BlmSchV (Appendix 3) required round stickers with the text diesel fuel sulfur. See also: 10 BlmSchV: Award at Dispensers.

USA

The diesel fuel in the United States compared with European standards a lower cetane number and knew not until 2006 mandatory reduction of sulfur content. Since 1 June 2006, the refineries will have to produce 80 % sulfur diesel and since 15th October 2006, may only be used for this use in road traffic. The so-called ultra - low sulfur diesel ( ULSD short, English for ultra - low sulfur diesel ) sets the new maximum limit of 15 ppm fixed - previously were 500 ppm allowed in the United States. Transitional rules exist for other uses, such as marine diesel in shipping, but they are expired in several steps until 1 June 2010. An immediate transition could not be performed because of low sulfur diesel has lower lubricating properties that must be matched by synthetic additives or the blending of biodiesel.

Marine diesel ( marine diesel oil)

Fossil

64741-43-1

Max. 11 mm2 / s ( 40 ° C)

Max. 0.900 kg / L ( 15 ° C)

240 ... 420 ° C

≥ 61 ° C

Risk

Ingredients and properties for marine diesel oil are regulated by the ISO 8217; Diesel for the European inland navigation by § 4 of the 10 BlmSchV. It is a denser than the diesel for motor vehicles. He reflected for example in low-speed marine diesel engines.

Synthetic diesel

The concept of synthetic diesel comes from the gas - to-liquids technology ( GTL ). This is from a different hydrocarbon in. a synthesis gas, can be synthesized from the above, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of long-chain, liquid diesel -like hydrocarbons. The main raw material is natural gas. The biomass can be a synthetic diesel, BtL fuel can be obtained. The fuel produced from natural gas is used in Indonesia and a number of European states to enhance diesel quality. GTL diesel does not contain sulfur, non- nitrogen, non- aromatics and the cetane number is extremely high (75 to 80).

Emulsion fuel

In order to reduce emissions, such as soot, nitrogen oxides and other stationary diesel engines are operated with so-called emulsion fuels straight. In this case, the diesel fuel water and an emulsifier is added, thus achieving a better distribution of the fuel in the combustion chamber, which helps to reduce emissions. In practice, can be saved by such methods expensive soot filter.

Consumption

In Germany in 2007 about 29.1 million tonnes of diesel fuel (including inland waterway transport diesel ) were consumed. The increase in production is exported ( mainly to France, Austria, Poland and Spain).

Abuse

Instead spec diesel fuel and heating oil can be used in diesel engines. The risks and legal consequences are described in heating oil.

Diesel exhaust

Were the exhaust gases of diesel fuel since 1988 as " potentially carcinogenic", this review was supported by the World Health Organization ( WHO), according to studies by the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC) tightened in June 2012 on " carcinogenic" and thus diesel exhaust in the Group 1 of hazardous substances added. In contrast, the rating for gasoline has not been changed and "possibly carcinogenic " remained still at ( group 2B of Hazardous Substances ).

Prices

Prices for diesel fuel (trade name: AGO = Automotive Gasoil ) are based on the Rotterdam market. Diesel is ( U.S. $ / t) traded in U.S. dollars per 1,000 kg. Various official publications report (some daily) on current trading prices and volumes. The reference density used in trade ( at the cost of the current batch with a given density in relation to put the quotation ) is 0.845 kg / dm ³ (such as fuel oil EL). Furthermore, even transport costs and profit margins of trade must be considered (see also :).

Pricing in Germany

To identify possible violations of antitrust law, a market transparency unit for fuels was established at the Federal Cartel Office, which is to produce at gas stations largely market transparency. On 12 September 2013, it took on the trial run.

Taxes and charges in Germany

In Germany these include (each super and diesel ) the apportionment for the oil stockholding composite with 0.27 and 0.35 ct / L, the petroleum / energy tax of 65.45 or 47.04 ct / L as well as the value added tax of 19 %.

The product price and the contribution margin ( in which the storing of oil amount is included ) and the energy tax ( TIPP ) is a "new" net price is determined, then the VAT is levied at 19%.

Inflation in Germany

The commercial consumers in 1935 for diesel 13 pennies ( Pf ) to pay per liter, 1937 20 to 22 Pf, 32 Pf 1939 and the early 1950s, 39 Pf (Information of the Central Bureau for mineral oil).

Prices of diesel fuel compared to other European

Prices of diesel in German-speaking areas and the surrounding countries (June 2011 according to survey by the ADAC, from 2012 to 2014 according to survey by the Touring Club Switzerland )

It is worth noting that the price of diesel is located in Switzerland over the lead free 95.