Dravida Nadu
Dravida Nadu (Tamil: திராவிட நாடு Tirāviṭa Natu " dravidisches country " ), or Dravidasthan Dravidistan (see - stan ) is the name for a requested by supporters of the Dravidian movement state that would include the settlement area of " Dravidians " of South India. The Dravidian movement was formed at the beginning of the 20th century in the Tamil areas of India and postulated a separate identity of the " Dravidians " as opposed to the " Aryans " of Northern India. From the observation of an ethnic, cultural and historical autonomy of the Dravidians, finally, the idea of an independent Dravidenstaates was derived.
Was first voiced the demand for an independent Dravida Nadu in 1938 by EV Ramasami ( Periyar ), the mastermind of the Dravidian movement. Even Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party (DMK ) which seceded in 1949 under CN Annadurai of EV Dravidar Kazhagam Ramasamis (DK) and became an important political force in the state of Madras, took over the secession demand. The enthusiasm for an independent Dravida Nadu was restricted to the Tamil areas of India, which is why the demand in the 1950s was limited to an independent Tamil state. However, the secession never took concrete shape. When it became clear that Dravida Nadu was not politically feasible, the DMK, the demand for statehood was 1962/63 and finally focused on the demand for greater autonomy of the states.
Prehistory
The terms " Aryan" and " Dravidian " had been influenced by Western science after it was discovered in the late 18th or early 19th century, the existence of the Indo-European and the Dravidian language family. The first group includes most of the languages of Europe as well as North India, the last Tamil and the other languages of South India. From these findings of comparative linguistics was concluded Indo-European tribes who called themselves " Aryans " had immigrated from outside to India and had subjugated the native " Dravidians ". Reinterpreted Racially led these theories in Europe ultimately Aryan ideology of the Nazis.
In South India, however, the Dravidian movement took on a " Dravidian " identity. The " Dravidian " culture was compared to the "Aryan " as autonomous, the considered " Dravidians " with reference to the Aryan migration theory as native people in India and the " Aryan " Come as strangers from the outside. In the Telugu Kannada and Malayalam - speaking areas, where also Dravidian languages are spoken, the Dravidians ideology was hardly used so that the Dravidian movement is essentially limited to the Tamil-speaking areas.
Development of secession demand
E. V. Ramasami and the DK
EV Ramasami ( Periyar ), the most important architects of the Dravidian movement, first formulated in 1938 in connection with the protests that followed the planned introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools in the State of Madras, the demand for an independent Dravidenstaat. The guided by Ramasami Justice Party took over the Unabhägigkeitsforderung. The organization Dravidar Kazhagam (DK), the Ramasami formed in 1944 from the Justice Party, the Dravida Nadu Secession wrote as one of their primary policy goals on the flags.
EV Ramasamis independence requirement was closely linked to his radical rejection of the caste system and the postulate of him contrast between " Aryans " and " Dravidians ". The caste system To him this seems an instrument that the caste of Brahmins had invented ( in his view, members of the " Aryan " race ) to suppress the " Dravidians ". They were supported by the " Aryans " in the politically dominant northern India. Only in a sovereign state could the " Dravidians " the caste system smashed and live in freedom.
The British supremacy was not contested by EV Ramasami, who was the Indian independence movement against critically set initially at, but required only that the state should of British India directly to the British Secretary of State assumed separately be ( in a similar way to Burma in 1937 from British India released). It was only from 1944 onwards began Ramasami to demand an entirely sovereign Dravida Nadu. 1939 Ramasami met up with the British politician Stafford Cripps, otherwise ignored the colonial power, the Dravida Nadu agitations but largely. At the same time supported EV Ramasami the aspirations of the Muslim League, which in the Lahore Resolution, the creation of Pakistan as a country for the Muslims of India demanded 1940. In return Ramasami hoped for the support of the Muslims for the Dravidian secession. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, the Ramasami met in 1943, but showed no interest in supporting the Dravida Nadu demand.
C. N. Annadurai and the DMK
CN Annadurai, who had risen in the DK for the second man behind EV Ramasami, was initially also a fervent supporter of secession demand. In 1942 he founded a weekly magazine with the programmatic title Dravida Nadu. 1949 was divided by internal strife between Annadurai and Ramasami under the leadership of the party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Annadurais (DMK) by DK from. The DMK was in 1957 for the first time to Parliament of the State of Madras (now Tamil Nadu ) collect and 1967 eventually take power in the state.
The DMK took over from DK, the demand for Dravida Nadu independence as a central political postulate. Unlike Ramasami Annadurai argued but less with caste and race, but with economic and cultural arguments: He lamented the north loot the south and hinder its economic development. He also emphasized the cultural and historic independence of South India and tried to legitimize the secession claim by recourse to the medieval Tamil kingdoms of Chola, Chera and Pandya.
From Dravida Nadu Tamil Nadu
The proposed Dravida Nadu should from the perspective of its advocates claimed the slogan " Dravida Nadu the Dravidians " originally encompass all the " Dravidian " areas of South India. The terms " Dravide " and " Tamils " were often used interchangeably. It was provided that the Tamils were the Dravidian " original people " and would therefore be in the new state holding the lead role. Obviously, rejected the spokesman of the other Dravidian languages Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam from the leadership of the Tamils , so the demand for Dravida Nadu was almost no appeal to them. Especially the Telugus insisting on their independence and demanded a separate state ( but without ever developing secession claims). 1953 put them through that telugusprachige northern part released from the state of Madras and the state of Andhra was established.
To the extent in which it became clear that Dravida Nadu would not be enforceable in the other dravidischsprachigen areas, the advocates of secession turned to the vision of an independent Tamil state of Tamil Nadu. EV Ramasami had the spin-off Andhras 1953 still firmly rejected, as this is the unit of the Dravidians undermined his view, but took place soon a U-turn: In 1955 he protested vehemently against plans of the Indian central government to set up a state of Dakshina Pradesh, include the whole South India should. This time, he argued explicitly, the Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam speakers were not true Dravidians and would in a common state of the Tamils only suppress. CN Annadurai expressed his level-headed and warned not to make the other Dravidians by the emphasis of the Tamil leadership claim to be enemies. In 1953, he congratulated the Telugus even establishing Andhras, but made this for him only the "beginning on the path of liberation Dravidian " dar. Annadurai spoke out in favor of the southern states should evolve separately, and only then they could possibly be a Federation join.
Unique as the DK and DMK, the party We Tamils ( Nam Tamilar ), founded by the publisher Adithan SB 1958 called for an explicitly Tamil state. Adithan called for an independent Tamil Nadu, which should also include the Tamil areas of Sri Lanka. However, the We- Tamils Party did not achieve more importance and went in 1967 to the DMK. Although they never played a significant political role, the party We Tamils served for Sinhala nationalists in Sri Lanka as proof of the existential danger posed by the united Tamils for the state of Sri Lanka.
In 1956, the states of India by the States Reorganisation Act along linguistic lines were reorganized. The Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada speakers were with Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore (now Karnataka ) a state of their own, while the State of Madras (Tamil Nadu today ) was now limited to the Tamil areas. Even if was still being held at the rhetorical level of Dravida Nadu, at the latest with the reorganization of states, the idea of an overarching Dravidian state was history. In place of the demand for Dravidian unity now came quarrels over the boundary between the states, which also EV Ramasami and CN Annadurai really stuck up uttered to incorporate controversial areas such as the city of Madras ( Chennai), Tirupati and Kanyakumari in the state of Madras. At the same time created a campaign to rename the State of Madras, now inhabited only by Tamils in Tamil Nadu.
Task of secession claims
The DMK took in 1957 at the newly tailored Madras State for the first time in elections in part and soon developed into a major opposition force in the state. They still clung to the independence requirement. 1961 left the DMK politician EVK Sampath on charges, CN Annadurai was insincere in his demand for Dravida Nadu independence and have Dravida Nadu in fact long since abandoned the party and founded the short-lived Tamil National Party, which advocated an independent Tamil Nadu. Annadurai pointed at this time Sampaths allegations yet decided back, and reaffirm its adherence to Dravida Nadu.
Still in May 1962 reaffirmed CN Annadurai after his election to the Rajya Sabha ( the Upper House of Indian Parliament total ) in his much-publicized inaugural address the demand for an independent Dravida Nadu and complained that the central government is oblivious to the economic development of the South. A short time later, the DMK moved but on the secession demand. As the Indo- Chinese war broke out in October 1962, to Annadurai presented with the argument that he would Dravida Nadu from Prime Minister Nehru, not received by the Chinese, behind the central government. Finally gave the DMK, the demand for an independent Dravida Nadu in the year 1963. Thus, the DMK bypassed the imminent danger of being banned because of their secession from the Indian central government, paving their way to government power free. 1967 DMK won the elections in the State of Madras and alternates to date with the AIADMK, which was created in 1972 as a spin-off from her, in the state of power off.
After the abandonment of secession demand, the DMK has focused on the demand for political and cultural autonomy of the states within the Indian Union. This was evident in the violent protests that erupted in 1965 when the Indian central government tried to make Hindi the sole official language of India. After its election victory, the DMK - led government in 1969, renamed the state of Madras in Tamil Nadu. In place of the secession question now joined the invocation of the size of the Tamil culture and language. Symptomatic of the renunciation of Dravida Nadu was the renaming of the journal Dravida Nadu in Kanchi ( Kanchipuram after Annadurais birthplace ) in 1963.
EV Ramasami, however, held fast to the secession demand until his death in 1973. Even after the DK has the requirement not officially withdrawn. In the political discourse of Tamil Nadu, the Dravida Nadu question hardly play today but a role.