Drepanidae

Oak Sichelflügler ( Watsonalla binaria )

The Sichelflügler ( Drepanidae ) are a family of butterflies, which consists of three subfamilies, with about 650 species. Across Europe, 20 species are known, of which 17 species occur in Central Europe. The three present-day subfamilies were considered as separate families because of their very different appearance for a long time, but they share synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of the taxon. However, none subfamily were the six species of the genus Hypsidia, which can be undoubtedly considered one of the Sichelflüglern, yet to be assigned. The main distribution area of the family is Southeast Asia.

  • 4.1 Notes and references
  • 4.2 Literature

Features

A common feature of all sickle Flügeler is the special construction of the Tympanalorgane at the base of the abdomen. They are derived from the reformed tergosternalen sclerite which connects the first with the second Tergum sternum. Is a pair of spherical structures, each consisting of one large and one small chamber ( Sternalblase ) On the basis of this sternum. Between these two chambers is located inside the tympanum, which is otherwise the case with any other butterfly. At the sternal part of the organ ( dorsal) adjacent dorsal side of a pleural part, consisting of a prominent fold, which is supported by a large three-arm sclerite. The fold forms a pleural chamber which closes to the rear with a large tympanum further.

The caterpillars show secondary bristles ( bristles, which arise from the second larval instar ) that represent putative another autapomorphy of the family. These bristles are located on the first to eighth abdominal segment, above and behind ( dorso- caudad ) of the stigmata.

The family includes small and large species whose body shape ranges from slim to strong. However, most species are medium in size and have medium width to broad wings. The outer edge of the forewing in many species either indented and curled or pulled out a crescent shape at the top. You have 12 wing veins with an anal vein (1b). The hind wings have eight or nine cores with one or two Analadern ( 1a or 1a and 1b). The sensors are usually lamellar or feathered, but occasionally filiform, cut or combed. The sensor of female moths are feathery often as the males. Simple eyes ( ocelli ), there are pronounced only in a few species. The proboscis is different well trained and is also missing in some species. The Maxillarpalpen are usually regressed or short and have a maximum of three terms. The labial palps are three elements in the controlled and are in the nature of Drepaninae very small and weak in the other sub-families strong and well developed.

Way of life

The moths are nocturnal, but there are also ways in which the genus Nidara also like to fly on the day. In rest position, the most moths lay their wings flat next to each other, the types of Thyatirinae they fold but roof-like over the abdomen together.

The eggs are flattened and roughly shaped oval or elliptical. They are usually in small groups, sometimes individually or placed in short rows. The caterpillars live mostly on shrubs and trees, especially young animals occur occasionally in small groups. During the day they sit open on the leaves or hide between spun or rolled leaves. Pupation usually takes place in a cocoon is spun between leaves. Rarely, the caterpillar pupates without web or in the ground. The dolls are often coated with wax precipitates.

Systematics ( Europe)

Subfamily Drepaninae

  • Heller Sichelflügler or Common Sichelflügler ( Drepana falcataria ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
  • Alder Sichelflügler ( Drepana curvatula ) ( Borkhausen, 1790) A, CH, D
  • Book - Sichelflügler ( Watsonalla cultraria ) ( Fabricius, 1775) A, CH, D
  • Oak Sichelflügler or two-point Sichelflügler ( Watsonalla binaria ) ( Hufnagel, 1767) A, CH, D
  • Watsonalla Uncinula ( Borkhausen, 1790)
  • Birch Sichelflügler ( Falcaria lacertinaria ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
  • Linden Sichelflügler ( Sabra harpagula ) ( Esper, 1786) A, CH, D
  • White or silver Sichelflügler tensioner ( Cilix glaucata ) ( Scopoli, 1763) A, CH, D
  • Cilix asiatica O. Bang -Haas, 1907
  • Cilix hispanica De Gregorio, Torruella, Miret, Casas & Figueras, 2002

Subfamily Thyatirinae ( Owl Spinner )

  • Peach Blossom ( Thyatira batis) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D
  • Agate Owl Moth ( Habrosyne pyritoides ) ( Hufnagel, 1766 ) A, CH, D
  • Eyes Owl Moth ( Tethea ocularis ) (Linnaeus, 1767) A, CH, D
  • Poplar owls Spinner ( Tethea or) ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) A, CH, D
  • Birch owls Spinner ( Tetheella fluctuosa ) ( Hübner, 1803) A, CH, D
  • Two-point - owls Spinner ( Ochropacha duplaris ) (Linnaeus, 1761 ) A, CH, D
  • Violet Grey Owl Moth ( Cymatophorina diluta ) ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) A, CH, D
  • Moss green owl moth ( Polyploca ridens ) ( Fabricius, 1787) A, CH, D
  • Rothals wool leg spinner ( Asphalia ruficollis ) ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) A CH?
  • Yellow Horn Owl Moth ( Achlya flavicornis ) (Linnaeus, 1758) A, CH, D

Swell

Glossata Pupa#Cocoon Buff Arches Figure of Eighty
294707
de