Dungan people
The Dungan (Chinese东 干 族, Pinyin Dong Gan; Дунгане Russian ) are a Muslim- Chinese minority that lives primarily in the formerly belonging to the Soviet Union Central Asian states. Their language, a Chinese dialect, is Dungan (东 干 语); the two main dialects of Gansu and Shaanxi dialect. Worldwide there are about 110,000 Dungan.
Origin of the ethnic groups
The name " Dungan " is now used for Hui Chinese who left China and live in Central Asia. There seems to be a foreign term for these groups to be ( see definition of origin ), which has now grown to become a name in the first place. Prior to the founding of the People's Republic, the term was sometimes also common for the Hui in China.
Dungan found especially in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, but also in Russia. The ancestors of these groups were Hui Chinese who fled from China during the Muslim riots in the 70s and 80s of the 19th century. Dungan are therefore an ethnic mixture preferably Chinese and Central Asian origin with a common religion, Islam, which today still the connection of nordchinesischem dialect and the Cyrillic script is added (see language / writing).
The isolation from the centers of Islam also led to differences in religious practices.
Hui rebellions of 19-20. century
Among the circumstances that led to the emigration from China in the 19th century:
1818, 1834-40 and 1855-73 rose the Muslims in Yunnan. The uprising, triggered by the economic rivalry between Han Chinese and Muslim workers was bloodily suppressed (so-called Panthay Rebellion ), a million people lost their lives. Then from 1862 to 1878 came in the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang to the so-called " Dunganenaufständen " against Chinese rule that (compare Jakub Bek ) ran parallel to the Hodja uprising in Kashgaria, some created independent territories and ultimately an estimated 10 million deaths demanded. In the following decade it came to increased emigration of Muslims into the Tsarist Empire.
The suppression of these uprisings reinforced the tendency to create separate living quarters and for any purpose that is typical of these ethnic groups occupations. By 1937 there were new unrest among the Hui in Gansu, under Ma Chung -ying (马仲英) that threatened to spill over to Xinjiang.
Language / writing
The Dungan language belongs to the Sino Tibetan languages and is the northern Chinese dialects ( Mandarin ) is very similar, but unusual because it ( 1952/53? ) Used since Soviet times the Cyrillic alphabet.
Term origin
The origin of the expression " Dungan " is uncertain, but may be due to the Turkic döñän / dönen ( " convert " ), which is a similar meaning to the word Hui ( " return, turn around " ) has. The Hui, which are widespread in western and central China, are called by Turkish and Tajik- sprachischen neighbors " Dungan ". The word can also have a reference to the Chinese province (East ) Gansu (东 干), which was inhabited even in the 19th century by many Dungan.
Known Dungan
- Maija Mánesa, Women's Weightlifting
- Jassyr Schiwasa, poet and writer
- Sülfija Tschinschanlo, Women's Weightlifting