Egyptian Arabic

Systematic and independent representation of phonetics and phonology in IPA
Systematic and independent representation of the morphology
Example: A unitary text instead of anecdotal " characteristic words and phrases "

Egyptian Arabic (also: Kairinisch ) is a neuarabischer dialect which is known through films and songs in much of the Arab world and is therefore understood by most Arabs. This is mainly because that Egypt alongside the U.S. and India ( " Hindi Movie " ) is the most important film- producing nation in the world. Egyptian films will be shown throughout the Arabic -speaking world without dubbing or subtitles.

In contrast to messages and the like. Movies are often not on Modern Standard Arabic, the written language of the entire Arab region, turned, but in the respective vernacular; for most films, this is just Egyptian Arabic. This is now understood throughout the Arab Egyptian Arabic or the Cairo dialect.

The proper name of the Egyptian dialect is al - al - ʿ Lugha āmmiyya, short al - ʿ āmmiyya ( اللغة العامية, such as: " common language " ) or simply Masri ( مصري, Egyptian ').

The Cairo dialect is often regarded as Egyptian Arabic par excellence, although the dialects outside Cairo different from, more or less clearly. The details below relate to the dialect of Cairo.

7.2.1 definiteness
7.2.2 gender and number
7.2.3 reference adjectives in-i
7.2.4 Adjectives of color and infirmity
7.2.5 congruence

Differences in the phonetics

Q pronunciation of standard Arabic as Hamza except in some book of the words: ʾ alb ( "heart", hocharab qalb. ), But al - qur ʾ ān ( " the Koran" ) or qawmiyya ( " nationalism " )
Replacement of Hamza after a vowel in word middle y or lengthening of the preceding vowel: Far (. "Mouse" hocharab fa ʾ r ); frequent omission of Hamza end of the word, which can lead to stress shift in part: el -fo ʾ ara (. "the poor", hocharab al - ʾ Fuqara )
Reverse shift of hocharab. Ǧ g: gamal ( "camel", hocharab ǧamal. )
Shift of T and D to t and d, with book words mostly to s and z: Talata ( "three", hocharab Talata. ), Dahab ( "gold", hocharab Dahab. ), But Sawra ( "Revolution", hocharab ṯawra. ), zikrollāh ( " mention of God ," hocharab. ḏikru llāh )
Monophthongisierung of diphthongs: ay → ē, ō → aw: Bet ( "House", hocharab bayt. ), Mozah ( "banana", hocharab mawzah. )
Slurring of short unstressed u i or a: miṭalla ʾ (. " Divorced ", hocharab muṭallaq ). However, part way is also the opposite trend observed: Homar ( " donkey ", hocharab Himar. )
Partial mutual Austauschung of n and l: Fingal ( " cup ", hocharab finǧān. ), ʾ ān burtu ( "Orange", burtuqāl )
New emphasis on rules that allow only a long vowel per word, which must always be emphasized. If a phonemic long vowel unstressed, it is pronounced as a short vowel. Examples: hocharab. laymūn ( "lemon ") → not Lemun but Lamun ("a" is abbreviated " ē ", which is a monophthongisiertes " ay ". )

Differences in grammar

Elimination of almost all, and thus the case endings nunation, as is the case with all other Arab dialects.
Frequent use of a progressive form ( past participle ), also with perfektivischer importance, often ambiguous: ana ʿ Arif ( " I know," but also " I recognized it," hocharab almost exclusively ʾ ʾ a ʿ ana Rifu. )
Use of Modifikationspräfixen for the past tense. The high- Arabic modes no longer exist in the dialects, because short vowels have disappeared at the end of the word. The unlabeled imperfect it has similar features as the high- Arab Apokopat and subjunctive. Which acts with bi- or b- modified form as the "normal" form present. The HA- or H- modified form as a future tense. It is well ( " go " ... ) from RAH ... emerged. A modification with ma - denotes a reinforced imperative. Examples: ( lazim / Mumkin ) yiktib he should / must / can / may write ( modal particle gain by Mumkin - can lazim - must or should)
Biyiktib he writes
ḥayiktib he will write
Matiktib So write it!

Verbs: ma ʾ ultilūš I have not told him.
Mašuftihaš I have not seen her.
Negation of the imperative: mat ʾ ullūš Do not tell him!
MABIT ʾ ullūš You say it's not him. / Do not you 're saying it to him?
But: MIS ʾ ullu You will not tell him. / Will you not tell him?

Ma ʿ andakš you have not. Did not you ...? ( Negation for " ʿ Andak " thou hast )

Ma ʿ ʿ umri ultilu I've never told him in my life.

Huwwa Miš hina He is not here.
Ana Miš mitgawwiz I'm not married.
Ihna Miš min Maṣr We are not from Egypt.

Differences in vocabulary

Of these, especially the structure of words affected:

Na ʿ on ("Yes ") → aywa ( from ay Wallahi an oath )
Nahnu ( "we") → Ihna ( phonetic development )
ʾ aina ( "where" ) → fēn ( from fī ʾ aina )
Al - ʾ ān ( " now ") → dil -wa ʾ ti (literally, " at this time ", with fronting of the Demonstrativpronomomes, as it is no longer common today in Egypt)
Mata ( "when" ) → ʾ IMTA ( phonetic development )

Over time, the Egyptian- Arab loanwords from Turkish, taken later from the French. The biggest impact exercises today but from the English.

ʾ oda ( Turkish oda ) hocharab. Gurfa ( " room")
Duġri ( Turkish doğru ) hocharab. rather ʿ alā tul (" straight " )
Rōbdišambr (French robe de chambre )

The dialects in Central and Upper Egypt sometimes differ considerably from the spoken Arabic in Cairo.

Characteristic Egyptian words and phrases

A list of typical Egyptian speech formulas, and words that are considered by Egyptians and other Arabs as characteristic of the Egyptian dialect:

أيوه / aywa ("yes " informal confirmation instead of the high- Arab " na ʿ am " )
ازيك / izzayyak, -ik, - uku ,-u? etc. ( " How are you [m. / f ], - you - it, etc. ?")
إيه ده? / ʾ ē there? ( " What's that? " " Why? ", As an exclamation of displeasure )
خلاص / Halas! ( " Stop it! " " Basta! " Etc., is frequently used as a filler word and adverb. )
معليش / ma ʿ Lis! ("What the heck! " " So what! " )
كفاية / Kifaya! ( " Enough! ", " Enough !")
لسة / lissa or برضو / BARDU ( 'nor', replaces the high- Arab " mā Zala " )
كمان / Kaman ( " even ", replaces the high- Arab " Aydan " )
بقى / ba ʾ a ( particles of amplification → "finally" in imperatives and " ... well then ... " in questions ) Examples: هاته بقى / HATU ba ʾ a! / Give 's (now) here at last! '
عامل إيه بقى? / Amil ʿ ʾ ē ba ʾ a? / What he has now done? Also: now what should I do? '

Text example

Based on a brief dialogue will be illustrated here, how much the Egyptian dialect differs from Standard Arabic. (To make this distinction clear, dispensing with the Arabic script. )

German:

A: How are you?

B: Thanks, I'm fine. And you?

A: It is, thank you.

B: What do you do now?

A: I would now like to walk a bit.

Arabic ( MSA):

A: Kayfa ḥāluka?

B: sukran, ana ǧayyid. Wa - kayfa ḥāluka?

A: Al- hamdu li - llāh. (literally, "Thank God ", but has a similar meaning as " comme ci, comme ca" in French. )

B: Mada al - ta ʿ milu ʾ ana?

A: Al- ʾ ʾ ana urīdu ʾ ʾ to atamašša qalīlan.

Arabic (Egyptian dialect):

A: Izzayyak?

B: sukran, ana kuwayyis. Wa - izzayyak inta?

A: Aho, Masi, al - hamdu li - llāh.

B: Inta ʿ ʾ ē Amil dilwa ʾ ti?

A: ʿ Āyiz ʾ ʾ atamašša šuwayya dilwa ti.

Differences:

- Question " How are you? " (MSA: kayfa ḥāluka, Egyptian: izzayyak? )

- Expression "good" ( MSA: ǧayyid, egyptian: kuwayyis )

- " It works" ( in Egyptian - Arabic or in other dialects are frequently says " Masi " )

- Question, " What are you doing? " (MSA: Mada ta ʿ milu, Egyptian: ( inta ) Amil ʿ ʾ ē ) → exchange of question words ( ʾ ē instead Mada, participle verb instead )

- Expression "now" (MSA: al- ʾ ana, egyptian: dilwa ʾ ti)

- Verb "want" (MSA: ʾ urīdu - 1.P.Sg. Imperf of ʾ Arada, egyptian:. . ʿ āyiz - participle of ʿ ā ʾ m → za in the dialect of the participle is used in questions rather than before a conjugated verb, see above)

- Expression "something" (MSA: qalīlan, egyptian: šuwayya )

Phonology of Standard Arabic in comparison to the Egyptian

أمر / ʾ amar /, order '
أكل / ʾ akal / eat '
سأل / sa ʾ al / ask '
قرأ / qara ʾ / read '

ʾ amar [ ʾ - m -r]
Kal [ ʾ, w- k- l]
Sa ʾ al [s- ʾ l - ]
ʾ ara [ ʾ -r -w ]

This results in two types of Egyptian " ʾ ".

A elidierbare form whose realization depends on the context.
A radical form, which is never elidierbar.

In Egyptian native words and loanwords can from the high- Arab with the same root, but appear different realization. From Modern Standard Arabic Taniya " second", "second [f ] ":

Loanword: sanya " second"
Inherited word: tanya " other, second [f ] "

Grammar

Nouns

In Egyptian nouns carry the following properties:

Definiteness

A noun is determined when it is il - prefixed. Before sun letter, the l assimilated

Bet - il -bet " house - the house "
SAMS - iš Sam " sun - the sun "
Calf - il - calf, also ik- calf " dog - the dog "

( In contrast to the high- Arab to the Egyptian and k and g be assimilated. )

Genus

Nouns are either masculine or feminine. Feminine nouns almost always wear the ending-a of high- Arabic ة or ā (t). Some feminine nouns bear no extension, they are usually females names. Nouns ending in- a in standard Arabic اء or ى are partly masculine.

Feminine: ending in -a: Haga " thing "; mudarrisa " teacher "; Hamat " mother "; Haya "life"
Without extension: ʾ umm "mother"; bint ' girl, daughter '; moral "woman"

Masculine: ending in -a: dawa " drug"
Without extension: bāb "door"

Number

There are three numbers: singular, dual and plural:

The singular is marked by -a in collecting and generic. The untagged form indicates the collective.

The dual is productive, but usually only optional. When paired body parts, there is a pseudo- dual with pluralischer importance. Made he is with the ending -en. The ending-a ة is doing to -ites, th.

The plural is largely broken, i.e., by change of the vowel structure formed. The mode of formation is very diverse, the regular plural usually occurs only Berufsbeziechnungen and Lehnworten. It ends in males labels on - īn in other nouns in -AT (replaces feminine ending -a). In some times and in the number of thousands ilf a special Zählplural ti - tu - t- for the numbers 3-10.

* The Zählplural there at the words - Sahr - tušhur " month ", ʾ ilf - Talaf " thousand " and Yom - tiyām " day " and almost unrecognizable in the numbers 13-19 ʿ Asara - Tasar "ten". In Sahr and ʿ Asara merge number and word.

Status constructus

The obsessive word in a genitive compound occurs in the status of the construct. It is like in German before the propertied word. This differs only in the singular of feminines in-a ة and ā (t). The ending will -it and -at. The same applies to Personalsuffixen.

No amendment: bāb "door" - bāb il -bet "front door"
On -a: dawwa " drug" - dawwa gidditak " the drug your grandmother " (no change since not from ة )

On -a ة: mudarrisa " teacher " - mudarrisit il - walad " the teacher of boys "
On - ā: Haya "life" - Hayat in NAS " people's lives "
On -a, even if from ا: dunya "world" - dunyitak " your world "

More merging of the word with the ending: Hagat "things" - Hagt il - madrasa " school supplies "
ʾ oda 'room' - utt ʾ in -Nom "bedroom"

Personalsuffixe

Personalsuffixe to nouns have possessive meaning. Apart from the suffix of the 1.Pers.S. they are identical to the Personalsuffixen of the verb. They change shape ( by connecting vowel, etc.) depending on how the last syllable of the word is suffixed, the last syllable of the suffixed word can change it. The reference word occurs in the status of the construct, while the dual -n falls from the ending -en. A short vowel is lengthened at the commencement of the suffix.

For any last syllable of a word, there are various series:

Adjectives

Adjectives differ in their form not of nouns. Attributive adjectives are behind the noun, adjective predicative form with a noun a noun clause ( without a verb ).

Attributive adjectives are congruent in definiteness, gender and number with the noun, predicative adjectives only in gender and number.

Definiteness

Adjectives are determined in the same way as nouns:

Halw - il - halw "pretty"

Gender and number

Adjectives occur in congruence with the noun to which they refer. You can only take three forms:

Masculine singular
Feminine singular
Plural

F.Sg. is formed by the suffix -a. By ending- īn or broken formation, the plural is marked.

* The -i is not an ending, but part of the trunk.

Reference adjectives in-i

Reference adjectives ( adjectives countries etc. ) end in m.Sg. in-i, in f.Sg. on - iyya and Pl on - iyyīn. Sometimes with a broken plural.

Adjectives of color and infirmity

This particular group of adjectives shows the following pattern formation:

Congruence

The attributive adjective always congruent with the noun in definiteness. The predicative is always indefinite.

If the noun is singular, the adjective is congruent with him in the genus. In general, the adjective is in f.Sg. At the reference -i adjectives to the congruence is optional and it may also m.Sg. are at feminien nouns.

If the noun in the dual or plural, as is between nouns that refer to persons and property, distinguished nouns. Adjective are in individuals nouns in the plural also in the plural. For property nouns they are either the f.Sg. or plural. The reference adjectives in-i the congruence is optional and it can also Sg of nouns in the dual or plural are.

Some adjectives are invariable eg bunni "brown".

Indefinite

Indefinite

M.Sg.

F.Sg.

Definit

Indefinite

M.Sg.

F.Sg.

In-/Definit

Indefinite

M.Sg.

F.Sg.
M.Sg.

Pl
M.Sg.
F.Sg.

Pl
M.Sg.
F.Sg.

Pl
M.Sg.
F.Sg.

Pl
M.Sg.
F.Sg.

Indefinite

Indefinite

M.Sg.

F.Sg.

F.Sg.
Pl

F.Sg.
Pl

F.Sg.
Pl

F.Sg.
Pl

F.Sg.

Definit

Indefinite

M.Sg.

F.Sg.

F.Sg.
Pl

F.Sg.
Pl

F.Sg.
Pl

F.Sg.
Pl

F.Sg.

In-/Definit

Indefinite

M.Sg.

F.Sg.
M.Sg.

Pl
M.Sg.
F.Sg.

Pl
M.Sg.
F.Sg.

Pl
M.Sg.
F.Sg.

Pl
M.Sg.
F.Sg.

F.Sg.
M.Sg.

Verbs

As the high- Arab has also the Egyptian - Arabic on the two aspects of perfect and imperfect.

Perfect

The Perfect denotes a completed action and is formed by adding suffixes to the root of a verb. However, the suffixes differ in part from the suffixes of high Arabic verbs:

Beispielverb: Katab - Write

( huwa ) Katab - he wrote

( hiya ) Katab -IT - she wrote

( inta ) Katab -T - You (m.) wrote

( inti ) Katab -TI - you (f.) wrote

( ana) Katab -T - I wrote

( huma ) Katab -U - they ( m. / f ) wrote

( intu ) Katab -TU - her ( m. / f ) schriebt

( Ihna ) Katab -NA - we wrote

The main differences between MSA and Egyptian - Arabian consist in the reduction of the endings ( one does not say " huwa KATABA " but " huwa Katab " but not " anta katabtA " but " inta katabt " and not " antum katabtUM " but " intu katabtU ").

The denial of the Perfect happening ( as has already been described above) by the particle mā ... š. The " š " is derived possibly from the word " Say ʾ " ( something). It is also important to note that the endings are pronounced longer if they end in a vowel and an auxiliary vowel ( "i" ) is added when the verb ends in two consonants:

Examples: ( hu ) ma - katabūš - they did not write

( ana) ma - katabtiš - I did not write

Preterite

The characteristics of the imperfect are prefixes and suffixes shortened. Compared to the past tense of verbs Arab high usually starts with the prefixes yi-, ti -, a- and ni:

Beispielverb: Katab - Write

( huwa ) YI ktib - he ( should ) write

( hiya ) TI- ktib - they ( should ) write

( inta ) TI- ktib - you ( m. ) ( shall ) write

( inti ) TI- ktib I - you ( f ) ( shall ) write

( ana) A- ktib - I ( should ) write

( huma ) YI ktib -U - they ( m. / f ) ( should) write

( intu ) TI- ktib -U - you ( m. / f ) ( shall ) write

( Ihna ) NI ktib - we ( should) write

On the downside, often occur yu- ya- prefixes or. This is, for example, with borrowings from the high- Arab (for example, the IV strain, which is less common in the local dialect ) is the case.

Another difference from the high- Arab is the lack of organization in the modes indicative, subjunctive and Apokopat. Instead, the past tense (see above) divided into three different groups:

Beispielverb: Katab - Write

( huwa ) HA - YI ktib - he will write

( hiya ) HA - TI- ktib - she will write

( inta ) HA - TI- ktib - you (m.) will write

( inti ) HA - TI- ktib I - you ( f ) will write

( ana) HA ktib - I'll write

( huma ) HA- YI - ktib -U - they ( m. / f ) will write

( intu ) HA -TI - ktib -U - you ( m. / f ) will write

( Ihna ) HA -NI- ktib - we will write

In both the bi- and the ha - past tense is important to note that the prefixes merge bi-and ha - with the 1st person sg. So you do not say "ana biaktib " but " ana baktib " ( I write ) and not " ana" haaktib "but" ana haktib " ( I will write ).

In weak verbs (eg Kān / Yikun his or ʾ Al / yi ʾ ul - say ) it can occur in addition, that the prefixes "yi, ti and " ni " to shorten the case falls. " The prefix i " away.

Examples:

( huwa ) ha - Yikun → ( huwa ) haykun
( huwa ) ha - yi ʾ ul → ( huwa ) hay ʾ ul

International Phonetic Alphabet

36460