Emergency telephone
As an emergency telephone (short NRT ) refers to a telephone device that is adapted to receive a telephone connection to a rescue coordination center in an emergency and ask for help there. You are usually at central public spaces, green areas and parks as well as at regular intervals along all important roads. Furthermore, emergency telephones are located in places where it can often be hazardous ( such as in elevators, tunnels or on beaches ).
The use of the emergency telephone is easy to understand and free of charge. To make the emergency telephone widely clearly visible, the body receives a striking signal color and an appropriate logo ( such as SOS or emergency ). The color scheme is worldwide, however, vary. By ostensive signs (possibly also with distance measured ) can find the emergency telephone faster seeking help.
With the advent of mobile telephony and the wide availability of mobile phones, the importance of emergency phones has decreased. High cost of operation and repair ( mostly due to vandalism) have led to the proliferation of emergency phones is declining.
A further development of the emergency telephone for the elderly or disabled people is called a home emergency phone. Emergency phones also offer the opportunity for telephone counseling in rare cases. Thus, appropriate devices are, for example, on bridges or cliffs with a high suicide rate.
History in Germany
In the streets of Berlin 30 police road detectors were installed starting in 1924 for the first time. Police officers in the street Attendant service could contact connected to the telephone network by means of the detector with the responsible police station. This was for example the requirement of support by a raiding party of which were in readiness in Berlin 18. Also, the area could call the duty officer on the street by means of a signal bell. After positive experiences enacted the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, 1926, the general facilities within the hotel.
As a further development of such detectors street from the Weimar Republic an emergency device for free alerting the police was presented by the population at the International Police Exhibition in Essen in 1956. This so-called "iron policeman " learned a wide distribution. So were placed approximately in North Rhine -Westphalia up to 3000 light green columns, long before a single, free emergency call about from phone booths was possible. The iron policeman was marked about 2.20 meters tall and with a lit shows " police " or " POLICE FIRE " on the roof. The top of the column formed a yellow flashing light. She was activated when a citizen over a speakerphone established contact with the police by operating a toggle switch. The control center could in turn call every single call terminal, whereupon the Rundumleuchte police officers signaled the call locally. The "iron policeman " performs today sporadically his service. Newer models are made of plastic, have red instead of light green color, the toggle switch is replaced by a push button and rotating light is missing.
With similar telecommunications and operation, but in a box housed, offered police before calling stations not continuously manned police departments the ability to call for help.
1955 began with the setting up of emergency phones on German motorways. Since 1999, the emergency call boxes of the GDV services GmbH & Co. KG (GDV DL ) can be queried of the General Association of German Insurers.
Operation in Germany
Incoming calls are answered by the emergency of auto insurers. You will be forwarded to the appropriate rescue coordination center. Margins messages are relayed to the desired breakdown service. The appropriate telecommunications bureaus are responsible for the technical maintenance of the emergency telephones on motorways.
The once around 7,000 emergency telephones on the highways and rural roads in Germany are operated by the Björn Steiger Foundation and the Jürgen- Pegler Foundation. Data acquisition was performed either by the emergency of the auto insurer or the relevant police or rescue coordination center. On 29 June 2011 the Björn Steiger Foundation announced that the columns would be reduced in all provinces except for Baden -Wuerttemberg by the end of 2011. Already in mid-2011 there were only 2,000 in operation of emergency telephones Björn Steiger Foundation. You are no longer financially viable and made redundant by the increasing use of mobile phones.
On the other hand is made of the whereabouts of approximately 16,000 emergency phones on German motorways no binding decision; time being newly built sections are still equipped with emergency telephones and maintained inventory. The statistical Rufzahlen of about 700 operations a day point to a clear need. Especially during the main holiday periods the emergency telephones are still used actively. Also in case of overload of the mobile phone networks (eg any major incidents or defective landline ) Rufzahlen the rise in the corresponding area significantly. Similarly, in heavy frost a significant Rufzahlsteigerung listed. Again and again, discussions about the future of the columns are performed on the German Autobahn - tangible results there but not yet.
When using some emergency phones (eg on motorways ), it is important to tell the mileage of the current road section to define its own position clear. To find the nearest emergency call box, the delineators small arrows attached, indicating where the column is more.
Technically, the system is considered a " special communication " because it corresponds to other requirements than conventional fixed-line phones: Among other conduction paths are laid up to 60,000 feet without amplification. Modern emergency telephones can ISDN, Ethernet ( IP telephony ) and also send GSM with an emergency call center contact. In these devices, a location identifier is transmitted. All currently operating generations should be able, in the event of an emergency call to transmit the location of the phone. New generations from the model ANE 90 master a simple polling, which checks whether the phone regularly. The current generation ANE 2000 also has an automatic function control. You can even check (including speakers and microphone), provides the necessary gain an independent and adjusting them where necessary to new. It is also possible in this model, assign different recipients of the margins button and the emergency button.
Emergency phones on GSM base are occasionally also in operation, usually as a construction site last resort. Phones with voice -over- IP technology is not currently used to a greater extent.
Emergency phones located outside of highways are usually connected via the cable network of the German Telekom with the rescue coordination center or the police. Phones that are operated by the Björn Steiger Foundation are connected via the mobile network to a call center.
The German Bahn AG for example, operates its own emergency phones that z.T. are connected by means of cable, but also via GSM -R.
Operation in Austria
In Austria there are emergency phones only on motorways and expressways. The actual mileage is only on the VoIP emergency phones - as indicated by the square shape - given. In the existing old Siemens DTMF column the number of the emergency telephone is written large. The emergency call is delivered to the road maintenance ASFINAG. They also have a reflector, combined with a flashing light that flashes for specific effects, especially when wrong-way driver warning. Pillars of the oldest design had incorporated this stroboscope, the last design used now LED technology. Emergency phones are almost always in pairs opposite erected on the highway, so no one is tempted to cross the tracks on foot.
Normally Siemens emergency phones are powered via copper cable from the highway maintenance with power. The transfer is done in 6 -wire technology. A twin wire for the transmission of the conversation - it is supplied with voltage from the highway maintenance, a twin wire for power supply with 48 V for charging the emergency batteries, and a double wire, that is used to transmit the location identification using DTMF signal. Also the position and alarm flash light in the column head is turned by means of DTMF signal. This complex solution has to be able to live a secure conversation for Autobahnmeisterei the advantage in the de-energized state. It lacks only the automatic location identification in the event of an error. Until some years ago columns were installed for reasons of cost in a " Master & Slave " system, in which always a main pillar was subordinate a second. This design is now only to be found more in very isolated and is displaced due to the error rate more and more. Recent posts ( with GSM connection ) are supplied with solar cell and battery. (Eg A2, A8 ) Lately, Europe corresponds to the latest state of the art VoIP columns ( Voice over IP) makes the IT-Technology GmbH will be at track conversions and Siemens installed. These columns are guided by means of fiber optics or Ethernet over the network to the distributed emergency server system ( SaNORS ). The signaling and voice data are transmitted over the standard VoIP protocols SIP / SDP (Session Initiation Protocol) and RTP ( Realtime Transport Protocol), under which the controller ( SDP) of warning lights, etc. can be carried out effectively. At all highway routes where turnarounds are carried out, is also upgraded to this standard. Before ASFINAG took over the management of highways, maintenance of the emergency telephones fell into the responsibility of the ÖBB, as they had more experience with communications equipment in contrast to road management. This regular maintenance will now be awarded in annual contracts to various foreign companies.