Epoxiconazole
- (2RS, 3SR ) -1 - [3 - ( 2-chlorophenyl ) -2,3 -epoxy- 2-(4 -fluorophenyl) propyl] -1H- 1 ,2,4-triazole
- (2R *, 3S * ) -1 - [3 - ( 2-chlorophenyl ) -2,3 -epoxy- 2-(4 -fluorophenyl) propyl] -1H- 1 ,2,4-triazole
Fixed
1.374 g · cm -3
134 ° C
0.01 MPa ( 25 ° C)
- Practically insoluble in water ( 8.42 ppm at 20 ° C)
- Soluble in acetone (140 g / l at 20 ° C)
- Soluble in ethyl acetate (100 g / l at 20 ° C)
Attention
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Epoxiconazole is an antifungal drug from the triazole class, was developed for the protection of crops. This drug inhibits the metabolism of various harmful fungi, which can invade crops, thereby preventing their growth. Epoxiconazole also inhibits the formation of conidia ( mitospores ) and can thus limit the spread of pathogens. Epoxiconazole was brought in 1993 by BASF on the market. Since it is used singly or in admixture with further active ingredients used in many products to combat numerous corn pathogens. Among the crops, where epoxiconazole is used include, for example cereals ( mainly wheat, barley, rye and triticale), soybeans, bananas, rice, coffee, and sugar beets.
Use
The global food supply is in the future more difficult. In the coming decade the demand for cereals will increase by 21%, while production is expected to increase by only 7 % in Europe alone. At the same time, two of the most important cereal diseases, Septoria leaf blotch ( Septoria tritici ) and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina ), responsible for up to 30 % of crop failures. If these diseases are not tackled effectively, which leads to impairment of the availability as well as the quality of the food.
Resistance
Certain plant pathogens develop resistance to fungicides. In contrast to the relatively rapidly evolving resistance to strobilurin azole fungicides were able to maintain their effectiveness against the most important cereal diseases for over 20 years as Epoxiconazole. According to a study by the Home Grown Cereals Authority ( HGCA ) is Epoxiconazole one of the two triazole fungicides (next prothioconazole ), which still has a strong eradicative and protective effect against Septoria tritici. In addition, farmers are additional classes of fungicides such as contact fungicides, strobilurin or carboxamides available. In this case, the best effect is obtained with the triazole compounds.
Operation
As azole inhibits Epoxiconazole the metabolism of the harmful fungi, thereby preventing their growth and sporulation. It works by blocking a key protein in fungi (14 -demethylase ) that is involved in the formation of ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane. Epoxiconazole acts eradicatively, by encapsulating fungal haustoria and cut off from the nutrient supply. This die from the haustoria. In addition, a positive effect on enzymes of plants are defense system ( chitinase, β -1 ,3 -glucanase ) demonstrated that attack the cell wall of pathogenic fungi. Some fungi affect the quality of the crop, forming so-called mycotoxins. It has been found that the use of triazoles such as epoxiconazole can reduce such Mytoxin levels significantly in fungicidal compositions.
Approval Status
The EU Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products lists Epoxiconazole currently in Annex I. Only the active substances listed therein may be used in plant protection products and sold to farmers. Active ingredients can be listed only in Annex I after EU authorities and EFSA have reviewed extensive data on the physical and chemical properties, behavior and environmental fate and toxicological properties. It was the evidence that the drug for users, consumers and the environment is safe when used correctly, allows the inclusion of the active substance in Annex I. The inclusion of active substances in Annex I applies for 10 years. The current intake of Epoxiconazole runs until 30 April 2019. Farmers in the EU products that contain Epoxiconazole, depending on national registration at least until the expiry date of listing in Annex I to use.