Exonym and endonym
Exonym and endonym are two terms of ethno- linguistics to distinguish local names, for example, places, languages, people and groups and names that are used in other languages for that.
Endonym
A endonym ( altgr. ἔνδον Endon "inside" and ὄνυμα Anonyma "Name") is the name that will be used in the area where is located the designated object. Usually there is an official name. Thus, the endonym as a foreign language is readable, it is transferred to the writing system of the other languages , for example German language into the Latin alphabet.
The International Permanent Committee on Geographical Names recommends that you use only official endonymische forms of names for geographical names in the territory of foreign states. During this process only German and French accents, but used no other diacritical marks.
Example of endonymische name forms of geographical objects outside the German-speaking world for the German language are Mumbai, Prague, Moscow River. An example of groups of people is the name " Patagonian ".
Exonym
An exonym ( altgr. ἔξω exo " outside " and ὄνυμα Anonyma "Name") is in the names ( toponymy ) a place name ( toponym ), which referred to a place other than the with it is common or usual. This term is also transmitted to people's names.
Exonyms have the advantage that they are easier to pronounce in the language and - where necessary - can be bent ( for example Scala in Milan, instead of " Scala of Milano ").
Exonyms are a natural part of any language. How many are there but varies greatly and has mainly to do with the following components:
- Social contacts
- Common history
- Language History: Over time, the pronunciation of a place name may change in the source language, while in the target language, the original pronunciation is preserved, compare alttschechisch Praga > German Prague ( Praha neutschech. ); O. Fr. Paris (pronounced: [ pa'ris ])> German Paris (. However, Modern-French = [ pa'ʁi ] without -s)
- In the target language, while in the source language, no change occurs, compare Middle High German = Swiss German Schwyz (as local, cantonal and national name) > later Middle High German Switzerland ( diphthongization )
- At the level of individual sounds, that is, the individual sounds of a relevant toponym are in the target language does not exist and must be replaced by a matching sound similar, compare span Madrid (pronounced = [ ma'ðrið ])> German Madrid (pronounced = [ ma'dʀɪt ] )
- At the level of phonotactics ( compounds of individual sounds ), compare German Switzerland > finn Sveitsi (pronounced = [' svejtsi ] ), ie, with replacement of the Finnish unknown
( = [ ʃ ] ) by ( = [ s] ) and by the vowel -i shoot at the end of words, as a Wortauslaut -ts in Standard Finnish is impossible. In some Slavic languages, there are vowelless syllables; since this is not possible in other languages , vowels must be inserted: Serbian Србија ( Srbija ) > German Serbia.
Often toponyms in the source language and the target language are indeed written the same but pronounced differently. Thus, while the soft spellings of London, Madrid, Edinburgh, Gothenburg and Paris in the German not of the source language from, but rather their articulation.
Like other words also can exonyms come over time into disuse and be replaced by the borrowed from the source language name or a different exonym, such as Nancy Nancy, New York New York, Antwerp Antwerp, book country for the Bukovina ( Bucovina rumän. ) Lodomeria for Volhynia ( ukrain. Волинь ( Volyn ) ), Agram Zagreb, Pomerania for Novgorod. A decisive influence on the survival of rare occurring exonyms have the media. Thus the pronunciation of Barcelona with [ ts ] before the Olympic Games of 1992 was a widespread and accepted phonetic exonym, but has since become less frequent.
Besides the time are the extent of language education, but also the self-understanding and self-confidence with respect to their own language decisive factors in the use of exonyms. Spanish or French speaker about differ in these two points considerably by German native speakers.
To be distinguished from the exonyms are caused by renaming of places Historizismen, eg Chemnitz ( before 1953 and since 1990 ) vs. Karl- Marx-Stadt (1953-1990), Nieuw Amsterdam ( to 1664 ) vs. New York (since 1664) and Saint Petersburg ( up to 1914 and since 1991 ) vs. Leningrad ( 1924-1991 ). Here, a temporal, not a geographical difference in use is primarily to determine, even if to the chronological dimension switching language can be added as in the last two examples. Such a case occurs, for example, in Kaliningrad, which was called until 1946, Königsberg. Königsberg is therefore not the German exonym; this is Kaliningrad (usually with stress on the second place as in Russian on the last syllable ). And vice versa, in a Russian text, which refers to the time before 1946, not Калининград ( Kaliningrad ) to accept as a exonym would, but Кёнигсберг ( Kjonigsberg ).
German exonyms for foreign-language toponyms are for example:
- Albania for Shqipëria
- Arnhem Arnhem
- Belgrade for Beograd / Београд
- Florence for Firenze
- Georgia for Sakartvelo ( საქართველო )
- Greece for Elláda ( Ελλάδα )
- Japan for Nippon (にっぽん)
- Calcutta Kolkata ( কলকাতা )
- Kiev for Kiev ( Київ )
- Copenhagen for København
- Lisbon Lisboa
- Milan Milano
- Maria- Theresiopel for Subotica ( / Суботица ), historically
- Moscow for Moskva ( Москва )
- Naples for Napoli
- Beijing for Běijīng (北京)
- Poses for Poznań
- Prague for Praha
- Rome for Roma
- Tbilisi Tbilisi for ( თბილისი )
- Hungary Magyarország
- Venice Venezia for
German exonyms for foreign personal names ( anthroponyma ):
- Avicenna for Ibn Sina ( ابن سينا )
- Jesus for Yeshua ( ישוע )
- Johann Comenius for Jan Comenius
- Confucius for Kǒng Fūzǐ (孔夫子)
- Louis XIV Louis XIV for
- Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius for
- William the Conqueror to William the Conqueror (French ) or William the Conqueror (English)
Foreign language exonyms for German toponyms are for example:
- Aachen: French Aix -la -Chapelle, Spanish Aquisgrán, tschech. Cachy, poln Akwizgran, ndl. Aken, Italian Aquisgrana
- Germany: Croat. Njemačka, poln Niemcy, French Allemagne, port. Alemanha, Spanish Alemania, finn Saksa, lett Vācija, lit. Vokietija, Maori Tiamana, swedish, dän. , Norw, Tyskland, Eng. Germany, Italian Germania
- Glücksburg: dän. Lyksborg
- Graz: Slovenian. Gradec
- Jülich: ndl. Gulik
- Klagenfurt am Wörthersee: Slovenian. Celovec whether vrbskem Jezeru
- Cologne: . Engl, French Cologne, tschech. Kolin nad Rýnem, Spanish, Italian Colonia, ndl. Lobes, Polish: Kolonia
- Leipzig: poln Lipsk, tschech. Lipsko, Rumanian. Lipsca, Hungarian Lipcse, port. LIPSIA, Italian Lipsia
- Mainz: tschech. Mohuč, poln Moguncja, French, English. Mayence, Italian Magonza, Spanish Maguncia
- Munich: . Ital Monaco ( di Baviera, in contrast to the Principality of Monaco), English, French, Munich, Spanish Múnich, port. Munique, poln Monachium, tschech. Mnichov
- Nuremberg: Afrikaans, Dutch. Neurenberg, Eng. , French, Catalan. Nuremberg, Italian Norimberga, tschech. Norimberk, Lithuanian Niurnbergas, lett Nirnberga, poln Norymberga, port.Nuremberga
- Austria: engl, Spanish, Italian Austria, Autriche French, Arabic. . Nimsa, tschech. Rakousko, finn Itävalta
- Stuttgart: Stoccarda Italian, Polish: Sztutgart, port. Estugarda
- Vienna: Slovenian. Dunaj, Hungarian Bécs, serb, Croat. Beč, tschech. Vídeň, poln Wiedeń, Eng. , Ital Vienna, ndl. Wenen, Rumanian. , Spanish Viena