Family and consumer science

The term utility refers to a household considered to be drawn from economic aspects and activities. Utility also identifies the dominant until the 19th century economy. It refers to the house in its entirety as a work and residence. So today is the utility in addition to the business and the economy one of the basic economic levels of modern society.

6.1 Diplom-Ökotrophologe/in
6.2 Certified / r domestic / r Manager / in (HBL )
6.3 Master / in housekeeping
6.4 Certified / r assistant / in housekeeping
6.5 Certified / r professional Housekeeper / in ( FHW )
6.6 Village helpers / in
6.7 Housekeeper / in ( Switzerland: expert / professional, home economics)
6.8 Housekeeping helpers / in ( Switzerland: Hauswirtschaftpraktikerin / utility practitioners )

Definition

Utility called today the professional, responsible economic management in urban and rural small, medium or large companies. These include facilities for children, youth, seniors and people with disabilities, social service, health, recreational and rehabilitation facilities, conference centers, youth hostels, hotels, restaurants and service centers ( laundries, catering companies, service companies ).

Professional utility includes the planning and organization of the entire home economics area, such as kitchen, laundry care, tailoring / sewing, cleaning and depending on the level of training the personnel management and training of domestic science junior and consulting activities. Domestic specialists and managers are responsible for the optimal care of the clientele, for compliance with hygiene laws and occupational safety, protect the environment and compliance with the budget.

The smallest domestic unit is the household.

The utility is the subject of nutrition and household science. The job titles Hauswirtschaftler / speaker, economist / f are faulty and do not exist in practice. In return, the professions Housekeeper / speaker, economist / in hot.

History

The home economics in the 19th century

In the 19th century belonged to the utility following areas (after Henriette Davidis ): cooking, boiling, Einschlachten, making sausages, curing, milk beings, livestock, raising children, dealing with servants, accounting, cleaning of rooms, appliances and laundry, preparing and treating the bed plant including mattresses, preserving the wardrobe, sewing, mending and darning clothes, rinsing the dishes and cutlery, heating, repairs of equipment and rooms, preparation of parades, shopping, dyeing of textiles and clothing, wallpapering, painting and polishing of furniture, vermin control.

The Life Reform in 1900

The life reform coincided with the women's movement. Both set themselves the goal to reduce the housework. The apartment should be reduced, the elaborate decoration radically reduced and the clothes are simplified. Functional Built-in furniture should make the hour-long dusting superfluous. The plans given economic reformer inside even went there, in their own homes abolish the cooking at all, large kitchens and laundries should replace the work of housewives and maids.

Important representatives were:

Ulrike Henschke who founded a training school for maids
Hedwig Heyl (1850 - 1934), who founded the first domestic science school and the first scientifically combined cooking and nutrition book wrote,
Elise Hannemann, who coined the home economics courses at the Berlin Lette-Verein,
Henriette Davidis (1801-1876), who worked as a home economics teacher and wrote numerous books for the education of women of the bourgeoisie,
Lina Morgenstern (1830-1909) who was known as one of the first pioneers of the women's movement and the social auxiliary work and in 1866 the first Berlin soup kitchen einrichtete, 1872 the Berlin housewife club founded and in 1878 opened the first cooking school of the Berlin housewife Association.

Were realized warm lunch meals in kindergartens and schools and created it - in the context of the women's movement - so-called household schools where young, middle-class women learned for future homemaker and wife domestic skills such as cooking, baking, sewing, needlework and " brushing ". In the early 1900's also the first textbooks for home economics classes developed. Initially, this training was, however, considered not as a profession, but rather as a preparation for marriage. But despite all the reform efforts, it remained: who could afford it, put continues to be a housekeeper or maid ( " maid " ) a.

Home Economics Education was seen as part of the duty of care of women, found socially but not high praise. A working woman, who worked as a housekeeper, laundress, seamstress or cleaning power, for example, was not allowed to neglect their role as housewife and mother in the family.

For these originally matched to the household activities, then domestic occupations with different functions, such as the housekeeper, the governess, the housekeeper, the home economics teacher developed.

20th and 21st centuries

In the twenties of the last century, the first scientific studies on nutrition and financial management were conducted. Work studies led among other things to the new kitchen concepts, resulting, for example, the fitted kitchen developed.

In the 50s, 60s and 70s, the utility has been greatly facilitated by technical progress: There were household electrical appliances on the market such as washing machine, vacuum cleaner, refrigerator, freezer, stove for cooking and baking, dishwasher, iron, food processor, hand mixer. Automatically operating heating systems replaced the expensive -to-use furnace heating with coal.

A home economics school in the style of the 1950s was experimentally established in 2006 for a period of six weeks during the filming for the ARD TV series The brides School in 1958.

In the 80 years taken environmental issues, such as whole -food nutrition, energy conservation, food additives, recycling of domestic waste and the housekeeping. Due to demographic changes and changing life forms (omission of the extended family ) and lifestyles (single households ), the home economics occupations, such as housekeepers / - in and utility workers have become / in important in private households.

Increasingly, men in home economics occupations are trained.

Domestic services are the core benefits of social institutions. They are geared to the needs of different target groups ( school meals, seniors' facilities, conference venues ). Domestic services can help to raise the profile of the device, thus creating a competitive advantage over competitors.

The utility is a specialty that is in transition and in the new orientation. In the future, cooperation with other areas, such as the elderly, out-of- home catering, family care is getting more and more important.

Futurologists predict that the health of the world population will change more and more. This leads to obesity and diet- related diseases and movement. People are living more and more in the so-called parallel worlds, that is, the world of experience is limited to the computer and the television. Household engineering will become so strong on so that expert advice and care by trained home economics professionals is needed.

Areas of housekeeping

Food preparation in catering from a nutritional and clientele -related aspects (where the child or senior-friendly nutrition)
Customer orientation ( clients and staff)
Operating organization and economy
Purchasing and Warehousing
Controlling, inventory, billing
Budgeting and investment resources planning
Compliance with relevant laws, such as food hygiene regulations, HACCP (analysis of critical control points), Occupational Safety and security, environmental protection
Work organization, organization of work, time management, employee motivation and management, interface planning and monitoring
Training of young professionals in the large kitchen, laundry and cleaning services, training
Consulting and planning of commercial kitchens and laundries
Features of the residents and guests rooms
Monitoring of domestic contractors
Social skills

Home Economics as a school subject

As a subject taught home economics is taught in elementary and secondary schools, vocational schools, as well as to private and technical schools. The trade name varies depending on the school and state. Common names are: home economics, home economics, labor theory, HTW ( home economics / textile handicrafts ), MUM ( human and environment ), WAG ( = economy - work - health) or BQM ( Vocational qualifying measure ) for the acquisition of school leaving.

A large portion of class time is covered with practical activities. Students are actively prepared for running their own household. At the same time, they gain insight into the world of work in certain occupations in the food and textile (space ) the nursing field.

The following topics are taught:

Food preparation and nutrition science involves the transfer of skills and knowledge that enable to individuals and groups (children, adults, seniors ) from a nutritional point of view receive optimal care.
Business organization includes the cost aspects of a household (keep household book), hygiene, occupational safety, work organization and environmental awareness, and care and maintenance of residential areas and textiles
Other aspects are personal care, laundry care and operation and maintenance of electrical small and large equipment

Home economics as an academic discipline

During the introduction of the course Nutritional Sciences at German universities during the 1960s, home economics was institutionalized as a domestic science academically. At various universities and colleges Bachelor's and Master's programs are offered.

Domestic Jobs

Diplom-Ökotrophologe/in

Denotes the degree of the study of household and food sciences. The Home Economics examine the economic, technical and social aspects in the management of both private households and large households.

The nutritional sciences are concerned with the economic, physiological and technological foundations of a healthy and nutritious diet. They distance themselves from the disciplines of food chemistry and food technology.

Graduate nutritionists work primarily in the household, nutrition and consumer consultancy, market research and as a teacher in training, continuing education and training.

Certified / r domestic / r Manager / in (HBL )

The training to / r home economics manager / in regulated state law and is offered at special schools, vocational colleges and academies. Therefore, the final name may be different depending on the province.

Other similar professional designations are:

Certified / r agriculturally - domestic / r manager / in,
Certified / r homemakers / in (HWL ),
Certified / r Ecotrophologist / in,
Certified / r technician / in Home Economics and Nutrition
Since the school year 2011/2012 training for house accounts operations manager (HBL ) is renamed all Bavarian academies in " Certified / r Business Administration / in for food and supply management." This applies to the nine sites in Augsburg, Konradsreuth / Maple Mountain, Mies Bach, Munich, Neumarkt, Nuremberg, Regensburg, Passau and Vilshofen in Würzburg. The names of the academies will then also be adapted to the new title " Food and Supply Management" from 2012/2013, but some have changed their title to the start of school or leave both terms to run in parallel. This is accompanied by the transition from the second year of training goes into a depression of teaching content such as quality assurance and hygiene, which can be set individually by the schools. The curriculum for the second school year is still being worked out. Is affected by this new name, only the academic area, the initial training for housekeeper will initially continue under the name.

Also in Hamburg and Thuringia HBLs have been renamed, thus there are three new names:
Thuringia: Certified / r Business Administration / in Home Economics (since 2009, two year)
Hamburg: Certified / r Business Administration / Department of Home Economics in services ( since August 2011, three years)
Bavaria: Certified / r Business Administration / in of Nutrition and Health Care Management ( since September 2011, three years).

The training takes full-time ( in some states three years) and requires at least an average education ( secondary school certificate ) and the final exam to / r certified / r assistant / in home economics (also an economist / called in ) is generally two years.

During the training following will be discussed:

General subjects: German, English, mathematics, information technology,
Social Studies and Consumer Protection
Food and household management: Nutrition and health, food preparation, service, taking care of the hygiene laws ( Regulation on food hygiene, HACCP )
Facility design and equipment technology, such as construction equipment and technical requirements for commercial kitchens and laundries considering ergonomics, occupational safety and environmental protection
Building cleaning or Contract cleaning
Textiles and linen supply
In agricultural education or agricultural production, direct marketing and home garden will be added

Business Administration, Accounting and Controlling
Quality Management and Marketing
Professional Education and Human Resources
Operating organization, project management

The / the house economic / r manager / in takes over management and leadership tasks. He / she develops, services and operations, and coordinates their implementation, the economic organization of purchasing, the large kitchen, the laundry, the sewing, building cleaning, manpower planning and personnel management. He / she creates menus taking into account nutritional aspects.

In addition, he / she is responsible for the training of young professionals. A membership in a professional association or a trade union can be a government call to / from the honorary auditor / in of housekeeper and Tern and housekeeping workers in the midterm and final examinations.

The following additional qualifications can be acquired, among other things:

Studies of business, the home economics or food technology
Training for quality management officers, for Auditor, the quality manager, hygiene Supervisor and disinfector or to work security officer
Special education additional qualification.

Master / in housekeeping

Prerequisite: certified / r Housekeeper / in and then at least two years of professional experience in housekeeping or five years of professional practice to master level.

Qualification focuses on:

Domestic supply and support services
Management
Leadership
Vocational training.

By passing the master examination the professional trainer aptitude is acquired.

Certified / r assistant / in housekeeping

Prerequisite: At least high-school diploma and one year home economics education (eg one-year vocational college ). The training takes place in a specialized school and lasts for two years, including internships. During the training, the technical college is acquired (applies to Baden- Württemberg). Training for home economics manager after at least two years of professional experience possible.

Certified / r professional Housekeeper / in ( FHW )

This training is required by § 53 Vocational Education Act at the federal level, a training in home economics. Requires training to / for certified / r Housekeeper / in and two years of professional practice, or alternatively at least six years of professional experience in the job description of / authorized Housekeeper / in.

The training takes place in the dual system, ie the professional contents are both academically as well as subject practically taught in homes for the elderly. The home economics skills such as food, textile care, cleaning and care are deepened. In addition, nursing skills, such as basic nursing measures, everyday and environment design, as well as advice and guidance to senior citizens.

However, the / the professional Housekeeper / in distances himself from the core processes of care, she adds in the home economics care, social care and basic care. He / she works mainly in old people's homes and in home senior care.

Village helpers / in

Prerequisite: certified / r Housekeeper / in and a minimum age of 25 years. The training to / r village helpers / in is full-time school usually in two years and includes internships on farms, in kindergarten, in the elderly and infant care and in animal husbandry.

After a successful professional degree he works / it as the representative of the farmer or housewife in agricultural or rural households to cope with crisis situations. He / she is usually employees of village helper services, social service or charitable organizations in the families and the elderly and in disability work.

Housekeeper / in ( Switzerland: expert / professional, home economics)

Prerequisite: CSE as well as enjoying household activities, the practical work, working with people, in organizing and creative work. The training lasts three years and is either full-time school place in a vocational school with internships or in the dual system.

The dual training takes place in the first year at a vocational school, taught at the basic skills and the second and third year the training mainly in factories, such as in institutions for children, youth and seniors instead. On some days the lessons are held in the vocational school.

The Vocational Training Act provides for the possibility of participating in an external audit to / from the certified Housekeeper / in under the condition that at least 4.5 years, a multi-person household was conducted independently ( § 45 paragraph 2 of the Vocational Education Act, approved in special cases ).

After the formation of / Housekeeper / private - or large companies may adopt (as described above ). He / she may also be used to / r village helpers / in which further develop to / r professional Housekeeper / in and the higher qualifications.

Switzerland: The three-year basic education specialist / expert housekeeping EFZ ( Federal VET Diploma ) is offered in the dual system. Wearer of basic education is the umbrella organization OdA utility Switzerland. Training locations are especially large households such as nursing homes, hospitals, hotels. Vocational education is regularly one day a week. External courses (mandatory) be carried out by the regional organizations of the working world ( OdA ).

Laundry helper / in ( Switzerland: Hauswirtschaftpraktikerin / utility practitioners )

Prerequisite: young people who have special educational needs and for example can prove no school. The training ability and the special educational needs to be confirmed by the vocational guidance of the Federal Employment Agency.

The training lasts three years and is offered as a dual system. The dual training takes place over four days in -house training and one day a week in a vocational school. In the third year, six months in the focus of training in the field

Food preparation: preparation of food and beverages, Coverslipping and decorating tables, serving of food and its distribution, nutrition and food education or
House Cleaning and Disposal: cleaning and care of rooms, furnishings and jobs, environmentally friendly waste disposal, plant care or
Laundry Cleaning and Maintenance: Preparing, washing and ironing of laundry items and clothing, maintenance of textiles spent.

With the completion of the secondary school education is acquired. A further qualification to the home economics occupations mentioned above is possible.

Switzerland: The two-year basic education with certificate Hauswirtschaftspraktikerin / utility practitioners EBA ( Swiss Federal Vocational Certificate ) is offered in large households such as homes, hospitals and hotels. An entry into the second year of training specialist / professional, home business is possible after a successful audit. Vocational education is carried out regularly. Wearer of basic education is the OdA utility Switzerland. The obligatory inter-company courses are conducted by the regional ODAS.

Professional associations

Professional associations offer versatile training.

Professional Association of Home Economics Association ( formerly called professional association of domestic specialists and managers - bhf )

The mission of the Association is to promote domestic professionalism and communicate. The Association is committed to the professional, economic and social interests of its members, provides public relations and lobbying and representing multiple political positions. Members are domestic specialists and managers who work in home economics services of facilities for the elderly, disabled, children and youth services, hospitals and health clinics, education centers, mass catering facilities as well as service companies. National associations found in Baden -Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin -Brandenburg, Hesse, North Rhine -Westphalia, Rhineland Palatinate, Schleswig-Holstein/Hamburg. 30 regional groups offer experience and professional training.

Federal Association of domestic occupations MdH eV
German Hausfrauenbund: eV, professional association of household heads
German Society of Home Economics Association ( dgh )
Association of Oecotrophologen: V. ( VDO ℮ )
Consumer Services in Bayern e KDFB V. (VSB )
Erfa group of states: experiences of different professional groups of domestic
Professional Association of Catholic workers e in home economics in Germany V. ( bkh )

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