Fard

Fard (Arabic فرض, DMG Fard "duty" ) and Arabic فريضة, DMG Farida means " religious duty ", "( divine ) Regulation ", " Regulation ". Fard is the sum of those religious obligations, have to meet the Muslims in the ritual life unconditionally. The verb is to farada or iftaraḍa and comes in accordance with the meaning of " something to someone impose a (religious ) duty," " prescribe ", both in the Qur'an and in the hadith, " declare them binding " before.

Fard in the Qur'an and Hadith

" And the Prophet needs to because of what God has ordained for him not to feel depressed. "

" (This is ) a chapter which We have revealed and made ​​obligatory ... ".

In the canonical hadith the verb is also used in this sense:

" When God prayer has imposed on you ( the people ) ... "

" The month of Ramadan has begun and Allah has made ​​fasting an obligation. "

Except God enters the prophet Mohammed in the Hadith as a determiner obligation excessive actions to:

"The Messenger of God has made Zakat at the end of Ramadan to the undertaking. "

And in the same context:

"This Zakat has made the Messenger of God to every man and woman to the undertaking. "

Fard in jurisprudence

Fard is the first of the " five categories ": Al- ahkam al - chamsa الأحكام الخمسة / al - Ahkam al - Hamza in Islamic jurisprudence, evaluate all of the circumstances and actions of the people from the religious point of view. The observance and execution obligation excessive actions are rewarded, their omission will be punished according to the rules of the Shari'a.

The synonym for Fard is wajib, واجب / wāǧib in the legal meaning of " offer, what is offered "; Both terms are used in the schools of Islamic law in the same meaning - with the exception of the pilgrimage, whose duty character in the Quran by Surah 3 verse 97 " ... And the people are against God obliged to make the pilgrimage to the House - where them to find a way ... " is limited.

Only the Hanafi school of law makes a difference in meaning between the two terms; dutiful acts find their legal confirmation by a compelling argument دليل قطعي / Dalil qat ʿ ī in the Koran, the Sunna - narrated by well-known and accepted hadith ( " Hadit mutawaatir " ) - or in ijma, the consensus of the scholars. Such a dutiful act is performing the five daily prayers. As offered or as a duty ( wajib ) apply to Imam Abu Hanifa eg beyond the five prayers beyond prayer ways, as the night prayer (salat al - witr ) and other acts that keep the lawyers from other law schools only likely reasons دليل ظني / Dalil Zanni for duty.

The Hanafi denote the sub Lasser obligation excessive acts as a kaafir, but not those who merely ignored the necessary actions or intentionally fails.

Types of Fard

The legal doctrine defines two types of Fard as a religious obligation:

• Personal obligations ( fard al - ʿ فرض العين ayn ), which every Muslim must fulfill, such as the five daily prayers, fasting during Ramadan and participation in the public Friday prayers. The latter obligation is - as the five prayers and fasting - already enshrined in the Koran:

" O you who believe! If on Friday ( w. on the day of the meeting) is the call to prayer, then you turn away with zeal to the memory of God, and let the sales transaction (as long as rest )! "

• Community obligations ( Fard al - Kifaya فرض الكفاية " duty of Genügeleistens " ), where it is sufficient if a sufficient number of Muslims participates, such as Funeral prayer, jihad, the study of Hadith, Tafseer and other scientific disciplines. The perform our daily five prayers - as fard al - ʿ ayn - must not take place in the Community; this is only Fard Kifaya al -.

The Koranic rule of law to enjoin the right and forbid the wrong place in the legal doctrine in both types of Fard attention: they may both by the community - for example, Jihad - as represented by an individual's obligation to perform. For the latter includes, for example, the legal doctrine of the admonition of the wife or the children by the husband to refrain from " what is wrong " in the private sector, to which the general public has no access. According to the Shi'ite doctrine, however, the religious duty of jihad as fard al - ʿ ayn, a personal commitment to be understood, if the community is facing major threats.

The one who fails to personal obligations, their fulfillment forced islam law ( uǧbira ʿ alayhi ).

The other four categories on the Islamic legal allocation of human action can be found at fiqh with further references.