Forschungszentrum Jülich

Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH ( FZJ) operates, based on the key competences physics and supercomputing, interdisciplinary research in the areas of health, energy and environment, and information. With approximately 5,000 employees (2012 ) it is one of the largest research institutions in Europe.

• 5.1 Classification
• 5.2 institutions
• 5.3 bodies

• 7.1 Research with Neutrons
• 7.2 cooler synchrotron COSY
• 7.3 tokamak TEXTOR
• 7.4 NACOK development and security research for pebble-bed high temperature reactors
• 4 7.5 -tesla magnetic resonance tomograph
• 7.6 atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR
• 7.7 Jülich Plant Phenotyping Center
• 7.8 Plants experimentation facility PhyTec
• 7.9 MRI - PET - Center for Plant
• 7:10 beamlines at synchrotrons
• 7:11 Meteorology

• 8.1 JUQUEEN
• 8.2 Jülich Blue Gene / P supercomputer ( JUGENE )
• 8.3 Jülich Blue Gene / L supercomputer ( JUBL )
• 8.4 IBM p690 cluster "Jump"
• 8.5 Further supercomputer

• 9.1 CLaMS: atmospheric models for climate research
• 9.2 MEM -BRAIN: Carbon Capture
• 9.3 UNICORE: simple access to computing power
• 9.4 AGATE: nuclear transmutation

Organization and history

On 11 December 1956, the Parliament of North Rhine -Westphalia decided to build a " nuclear research facility," as the founder of the State in the Ministry of Economy and Transport in North Rhine -Westphalia, Leo Brandt, applies. As the site of the state forest Stetternich was later elected. 1958, the foundation for the research reactors MERLIN ( FRY -1) and DIDO ( FRY -2) was laid, which were taken into operation in 1962. In 1960, the " Society for the Promotion of nuclear physics ( GFKF )" was renamed to "Nuclear Research Centre Jülich, North Rhine- Westphalia eV" ( KFA ). 1967, the conversion into a limited company, its shareholders, the Federal Republic of Germany (now 90 % ), and the State of North Rhine -Westphalia (10 %). In the same year the high temperature reactor AVR has started operation, which also supplied electricity to the public grid. The AVR has been scientifically supervised by the KFA Jülich and supported by operating grants, but was formally independent.

From the mid- 1980s, the former nuclear research facility reduced its work on the development of high temperature gas cooled reactor. For several years, development work was planned for, but not approved for the Spallation Neutron Source SNQ lead project. Same time, new themes were taken up and expanded other important issues. Therefore, in 1990 renamed the " Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH" ( FZJ).

1985 and 2006, the research reactors DIDO and MERLIN were shut down. In the years 2000 to 2008 MERLIN was completely dismantled. A second attempt, the site of a large Spallation Neutron Source ( European Spallation Source ESS) to be ended in 2003 without success.

The decommissioning of disused 1988 AVR pebble bed reactor prepared due to the "extremely strong contamination of the reactor core " significant problems. An appropriate expert study in 2008 came to the conclusion that the operators are only just " slipped past " to a disaster. For the publication of these problems at the expense of related professional disadvantages of FZJ - security researcher Rainer Moormann received the whistleblower Price 2011. The Darmstadt Institute for Applied Ecology described the AVR reactor even as one of the " most problematic reactors worldwide." Only immediately after the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, FZJ and the AVR GmbH employed a group of independent experts, which digest the history of the AVR and should take particular to the revelations of Moormann position. In April 2014, a report available, which should also be publicly available and can be discussed in June 2014 the authors.

In January 2010 FZJ had late entries to the introduced in the Asse nuclear waste from the AVR setting (see also AVR- axletree nuclear waste in the attempt Asse -II). Beginning of April 2011 became the research center nationwide for the alleged disappearance of 2285 ball fuel elements from the AVR reactor in the headlines. The Committee of Inquiry into the so-called atomic sphere affair ended because of the early NRW Landtag elections in 2012 without final report. Since the essential aspects, above all, a nonchalant ball accounts of the FZJ, could be elucidated, the committee of inquiry was not used after the election again.

In November 2012, the research intention was to after considerable protests to relocate 152 Castor with spent AVR fuel elements to Ahaus. The approval of the current Jülich Castor interim storage ran out mid-2013 because the required security credentials could not be taught. The storage has since been tolerated by a limited nuclear regulatory arrangement of the Düsseldorf supervisory authority. The federal government as a major shareholder had FZJ - transporting therefore also considered to be necessary because in Jülich remaining nuclear contamination could harm the reputation of the FZJ. Currently, the FZJ favors the export of this nuclear waste in the United States, which would be associated according to press reports at a cost of € 450 million. Work to improve the safety of castor bearing against terrorist attacks, namely the construction of a concrete wall around the camp were started on the instructions of the authorities in early 2014.

The collaboration with RWTH Aachen University has been strengthened by the establishment of the JARA- composite ( Jülich Aachen Research Alliance) 2007.

The Research Center is a founding member of the former Working Group of large research institutions (AGF, 1970), which in 1995 transformed into the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres.

50.9056.4119444444444Koordinaten: 50 ° 54 ' 18 "N, 6 ° 24' 43 " O

Location

The research center is located within the Stetternicher Forst in Jülich ( Düren, Rhineland ) and covers an area of approximately 2.2 square kilometers.

Financing

The annual budget of the research center is about 530 million euros. The public funds are born to 90% by the federal government and 10% by the State of North Rhine -Westphalia.

Staff

The research employed the end of 2012 over 5,000 employees and operates in the disciplines of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and engineering to fundamentals and applications in the areas of health, information, environment and energy. The employees were approximately 1,700 scientists, including about 600 graduate and undergraduate students. 691 people worked in the field of administration and service, 768 people for developers and over 1,600 as technical staff - in 20 occupations, there were about 300 trainees.

2012 worked 860 scholars from 40 countries at the Forschungszentrum Jülich.

Excellent staff

On 9 October 2007 it was announced by the Nobel Foundation that Peter Grünberg of the Jülich Research Centre together with the Frenchman Albert Fert of Université Paris -Sud for the - independent - discovery of the GMR effect with the Nobel Prize in Physics on December 10 will be awarded in Stockholm 2007. This is the first Nobel Prize for an employee of the Research Centre Jülich and the Helmholtz Association.

Training and teaching at the Forschungszentrum Jülich

2007, about 350 people were trained in 20 professions in the research center. The training rate is around 9 %, which is more than twice as high as the national average ( in companies with more than 500 employees ). In cooperation with RWTH Aachen and the University of Applied Sciences Aachen also exist combined training and degree programs. Graduates will be half a year of work in the learned profession offered after passing the exam. From 1959 to 2007 included approximately 3,800 apprentices are trained in more than 25 professions successfully.

At the research center itself no lectures are held in the rule, but according to the " Jülich model ", the institute directors in a joint appeal with the State of North Rhine -Westphalia on a chair at one of the nearby universities (usually Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Dusseldorf, but also further afield, such as Bochum, Duisburg -Essen and Münster ) was appointed. There they come to their teaching assignment. Many other habilitated scientists at the research take up teaching assignments at neighboring universities. In collaboration with the universities were so-called " research schools" ( for example, " German Research School for Simulation Science" with RWTH Aachen or " International Helmholtz Research School of Biophysics and Soft Matter" with the universities of Cologne and Dusseldorf ) founded to promote the scientific training of students.

An exception is the training of Mathematics and technical software developers dar. Here, in cooperation with the Fachhochschule Aachen ( Jülich ) the lectures, which are required for the Bachelor " Scientific Programming ", for the most part in the " Jülich Supercomputing Centre " (JSC ) - formerly " Central Institute for Applied Mathematics" (ZAM ) - held by the professors of the University of Applied Sciences and trainers of the Supercomputing Centre. Also for the consecutive Master's study program " Technical Mathematics " is a part of the lectures by members of the Supercomputing Centre is maintained.

In the Research Centre Jülich, the two-week " IFF Spring School " is held annually, discusses the current problems of solid state physics. It is named after the former Institute for Solid State Research ( IFF).

Structure

Structure

The research is divided into

• 8 Institute,
• 4 central departments,
• 2 projects and
• 2 Project Sponsorships: Project Management Jülich
• Promoters energy, technology, sustainability (ETN )

Organs

Organs of the Research Center are

• The shareholders' meeting
• The Supervisory Board
• The Executive Board, consisting of Achim Bachem ( Chairman)
• Karsten Beneke (Vice Chairman)
• Sebastian M. Schmidt ( for the business key technology, structure of matter and Health )
• Hans- Harald Bolt (for the Energy and Environment )

Bodies

Bodies of the research center include

• The Scientific Advisory Board ( WB)
• The Scientific and Technical Council (WTR )

Research at Forschungszentrum Jülich

Research in Jülich is divided into the research areas of health, energy and environment, and information. As key competences physics and scientific computing are mentioned.

• Institute: Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS )
• Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG )
• Institute of Complex Systems (ICS )
• Institute for Energy and Climate Research ( IEK )
• Institute for Nuclear Physics ( IKP)
• Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine ( INM)
• Jülich Centre for Neutron Science ( JCNS )
• Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI )

Research with large-scale equipment

Research with Neutrons

The Jülich research reactor 2 was a reactor of the DIDO class and was used for neutron scattering experiments. Companies he was of the Central Division of Research Reactors ( ECR ). The FRY -2 was the most powerful German neutron source to the commissioning of the research neutron source Heinz Maier- Leibnitz in Garching and served mainly the implementation of scattering and spectroscopy experiments on condensed matter. He was on 14 November 1962 to 2 May 2006.

With the establishment of the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science ( JCNS ) in 2006, which since 2011 has the status of an institute Forschungszentrum Jülich remains a national competence center for neutron scattering. Six of the most important instruments were moved from the FRY - 2 at the FRM II; other instruments there rebuilt. In addition, the JCNS operates field offices in Grenoble and at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS ) in Oak Ridge at the Institut Laue -Langevin (ILL ).

Cooler synchrotron COSY

COSY ( Cooler Synchrotron ) is a particle accelerator ( synchrotron ) and storage ring (circumference 184 m ) for accelerating protons and deuterons of (IKP ) is operated in the Research of the Institute of Nuclear Physics.

COSY is characterized mainly by the so-called beam cooling, where the deviation of the particle from its predetermined path ( can also be interpreted as thermal motion of the particles ) is reduced by electron or stochastic cooling. COSY there are several experimental facilities for studies in the field of hadron physics. The focus is on the magnetic spectrometer ANKE, the flight mass spectrometer TOF and the Universal WASA detector, where the removal from the storage ring CELSIUS at The Svedberg Laboratory ( TSL) in Uppsala was carried out at COSY 2005.

COSY is one of the few medium energy accelerators, which have both electron cooling, and stochastic cooling.

The synchrotron is used by researchers from German and foreign research institutions of internal and external experimental areas and is one of the research units of the collaborative research of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Tokamak TEXTOR

TEXTOR was a tokamak experiment for technology oriented research ( Tokamak EXperiment for Technology Oriented Research) in the field of plasma - wall interactions, which was operated by the Institute for Energy Research, Plasma Physics ( IEF -4) at the Research Center. The plant was shut down in late 2013.

TEXTOR was researching nuclear fusion reactor technology. This is heated in experiments hydrogen and deuterium to up to 50 million degrees, so that it is present in the form vollionisierter ( protons, electrons ), as the plasma. The study of the interaction of this plasma with the surrounding walls was one of the tasks of this experiment. The findings were held to prepare the next major step, the experimental reactor ITER, activities leading to the construction in Cadarache, southern France, the Research Centre Jülich.

NACOK development and security research for pebble-bed high temperature reactors

The effects of a leak adopted in the pressure vessel of a future pebble-bed high temperature reactor, as it was developed in Jülich under Rudolf Schulten, are investigated with the large-scale test NACOK ( natural draft in the core with corrosion) in the IEF -6 in cooperation with RWTH Aachen. This test system has an about 7 -meter test channel, which can be heated up to 1200 ° C, and a likewise heatable return pipe. The results are used for the confirmation thermohydraulic computer programs. Experiments were carried out for the South African PBMR reactor construction company, for the EU in the framework of the project as well as Raphael 2010-11 sponsored by the state of NRW. Since 2012, the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs promotes NACOK Studies on the formation of dust in globular clusters reactors.

4 Tesla magnetic resonance tomograph

Also since 2004, a magnetic resonance tomograph ( MRT) is operated by the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, which provides a magnetic field strength of 4 Tesla. He is one of the strongest units in Germany and Europe. Furthermore, there is a 1.5 -Tesla and 3- Tesla scanner, which, in particular for functional imaging (fMRI ) can be used with neurological, neuropsychological and psychological issues. Since 2007, a further 3.0 -Tesla scanner with a PET insert is under construction. Upon approval of funding a 9.4 -Tesla scanner with combined PET in construction, which will thus be the strongest MR scanner in Europe (another tomograph this magnetic field strength already exists in the U.S.).

Atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR

In the 20-meter chamber SAPHIR (Simulation Atmospheric Photochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber) of area (IEK -8) studied troposphere of the Institute for Energy and Climate Research ( IEK ) photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.

Jülich Plant Phenotyping Center

The Jülich Plant Phenotyping Center ( JPPC ) is a leading international institution for the development and application of non - invasive techniques to quantify the structure and function of plants. On JPPC both technology development is operated and phenotypic studies at a mechanistic level, performed in a high throughput and in the field.

Plant experimentation facility PhyTec

Since 2003 is a greenhouse with the latest technology available. Maximum transparency of the discs of about 95 % in the area of ​​plant- relevant light spectrum is achieved by a special type of glass and anti-reflective coating. In addition, UV-B penetrates the discs. The CO2 concentration in the two compartments can be raised and lowered, the humidity can be varied, the temperature can be maintained even in summer with full exposure to 25 ° C. The area Phytosphere (ICG -III) of the Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere ( ICG) simulated here different climate scenarios and examines their influence on plant key processes such as growth, transportation, exchange processes with the atmosphere and soil, as well as biotic interactions.

MRI - PET - Center for Plant

On ICG -3: Phytosphere was started from 2006 with the construction of an MRI - PET center for plants. Meanwhile dedicated built for Plant Research MRI and PET systems and, since December 2009, a cyclotron for the production of short-lived isotopes are available.

Beamlines at synchrotrons

This keeps or has held several beamlines for research with synchrotron radiation at various synchrotron Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI ):

• BL5 U -250 - PGM at DELTA (Dortmund )
• UE56/1-SGM at BESSY (Berlin)
• Mucate at APS ( Argonne, USA )
• JUSIFA at HASYLAB (Hamburg).

Meteorology

For Forschungszentrum Jülich also includes a 124 meter high lattice steel mast for meteorological measurements. It comes in 10, 20, 30, 50, 80, 100 and 120 meters in height with platforms that carry instruments. The 1963/64 established meteorological mast is a triangular steel truss structure.

Supercomputer

The following Supercomputers are or were all from the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC ) as part of the John von Neumann Institute for Computing ( NIC) in Jülich operated.

JUQUEEN

The currently newest supercomputer is called JUQUEEN and could be put into operation in 2012.

Jülich Blue Gene / P supercomputer ( JUGENE )

On 22 February 2008, based on IBM's Blue Gene / P architecture massively parallel supercomputer JUGENE was inaugurated. At times he was the fastest computer in Europe and the fastest civilian computer in the world. The research has JUGENE off in 2012 and released for scrapping.

Jülich Blue Gene / L supercomputer ( JUBL )

The opened in 2006 JUBL regarded as the forerunner of the JUGENE and was taken in mid-2008 after its successful installation out of operation.

IBM p690 cluster "Jump"

The massively parallel supercomputer IBM p690 cluster Jump in operation since early 2004. With 1312 processors ( 41 nodes with 32 processors) and a main memory of 5 terabyte ( 128 gigabytes per node) renders the computer a maximum power of 5.6 TFLOPS and was at the time of its establishment at No. 30 of the most powerful computers in the world. The nodes are interconnected by a high-performance switch (HPS). Have applications on a global parallel file system access to over 60 terabytes of storage and a built-in cassette memory with a capacity of one petabyte. Operations, the IBM p690 cluster Jump under the operating system AIX 5.1.

For the supercomputer, a new 1,000 square meter machine shop next to the Jülich Supercomputing Centre was built in 2003.

More supercomputer

Also on May 26, 2009, the two computers HPC -FF - built by the Bull computer for fusion research 1080 cluster nodes with two Xeon quad-core processors ( Xeon X5570, 2.93 GHz) - and of Sun delivered JuRoPA with 4416 Xeon X5570 processors ( 2208 processor nodes) put into operation. Both computers can be connected together for specific tasks and achieve a combined 274.8 TFLOPS with Linpack (corresponding to position 10 worldwide). The operating system is SUSE Linux Enterprise Server is used.

Other research projects at the Research Center Jülich

CLaMS: atmospheric models for climate research

The understanding of the chemical processes in the atmosphere forms the basis for many climate models. Environmental researchers at the Research Centre Jülich investigate the chemistry of the atmosphere using aircraft, balloons and satellites and create from chemical models such as the CLaMS ( Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere ), which are used in simulations on supercomputers. This atmosphere simulation is written in Fortran 90 and modeled ozone depletion in the northern stratosphere. The unit is controlled with shell programs and visualization with IDL.

MEM -BRAIN: Carbon Capture

With its research partners Forschungszentrum Jülich developed ceramic membranes. They could be used in power plants as a filter to separate the process gases and effectively restrain and carbon dioxide.

UNICORE: simple access to computing power

Computing and storage resources are often distributed across multiple computer systems, data centers, or even countries. Industry and science therefore need tools for easy and secure access to these resources. UNICORE from Jülich is a grid -based tool package. The current version of UNICORE 6 is Web - based services (WS- RF) and implemented Grid standards of the OGF.

AGATE: nuclear transmutation

In cooperation with RWTH Aachen and the company Siemens is working on the development of a gas-cooled sub-critical nuclear transmutation reactor AGATE, by means of which the lifetime of radioactive waste is to be reduced. The existing expertise in gas-cooled nuclear reactors, pebble bed is used here.

Infrastructure

In addition to the research-based institutions and large institutions, there are many infrastructure entities and central banks, which are required for the operation of the Research Center Jülich. For example, a full-time plant fire brigade ready around the clock to protect people, property, animals and nature in and around the research center.

On the site of the research center the National Institute for Occupational Safety ( LAfA ) of North Rhine -Westphalia operates a regional collection point for radioactive waste for the countries Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. This collection takes next level radioactive waste from the research to also (weakly ) radioactive waste from these countries.