Fundamento de Esperanto
The Fundamento de Esperanto ( or shortly Fundamento ) is a book by Ludwik Zamenhof Lejzer, which was released in spring 1905. At the first World Congress of Esperanto in northern France Boulogne -sur -Mer it was officially declared on August 9, 1905 foundation of Esperanto. It may not be modified, but allows " Official additives " to the vocabulary and rules.
The Fundamento consists of four parts: Antaŭparolo ( Foreword ), Gramatiko ( grammar), Ekzercaro ( exercises) and Universala Vortaro ( universal dictionary ). With the exception of the Preface and the now nine official additions comes from the Fundamento earlier works of Zamenhof.
For Esperanto the Fundamento is a kind of constitution or "System Security". It defines what counts as Esperanto and what is not (ie what is to be regarded as unacceptable language change ).
Fundamenta Gramatiko
The Fundamenta Gramatiko is the basic grammar of Esperanto in the form of 16 rules, however, are only the framework of grammar, without going into details. Other rules are explicitly mentioned in Ekzercaro or given only implicitly through the use of languages in the different parts of the Fundamentos.
It is part of July 1887 in Warsaw in Russian ( and soon in other languages ) published Unua Libro ( First Book ). The Fundamenta Gramatiko of Fundamentos is in French, English, German, Russian and Polish. As most accurately elaborated applies the English version. All five parts are considered equal.
The grammar consists each of parts A ( The alphabet - along with a few pronunciation written, depending on the language other ), B ( parts of speech - Rules 1-8 ) and C ( General Rules - Rules 9-16 ). The grammar includes all 16 pages A6.
Therefore, the ( unnumbered ) Esperanto alphabet ( with the 28 letters a, b, c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, g, h, h, i, j, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, s ^, , t, u, u, v, z often (also referred to as capital letters ), partial pronunciation written and a spare notation for diacritics ) than 17 or zeroth rule.
The 16 Rules
The 16 rules can be found as already Unua Libro of 1887, entitled " International Language" led to the German.
Ekzercaro
The Ekzercaro is the practice collection of Fundamento. It was published in 1894 and consists of 42 sections containing a total of several hundred sets of exercises. For these exercises, expression, sentence structure and rules do not specifically described in the Fundamenta Gramatiko are visible. In the sections 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 23, the fairy tale " La feino " is distributed ( the fairy ).
Universala Vortaro
The Universala Vortaro is the universal dictionary of Esperanto. It was released in late August 1893 and in addition to the approximately 920 word roots of Unua Libro contained additional approximately 1,710 new word roots in French, English, German, Russian and Polish translation, for example:
Instru ` instruire, enseigner | instruct, teach | teaching | учить | uczyć
Changes to the set here vocabulary are not allowed because of the sanctity, but rather decided by the Academy of Esperanto Official Accessories: Oficiala Aldono.
Antaŭparolo
The Antaŭparolo is the preface of the Fundamentos. It was written by Zamenhof in Warsaw in July 1905 Esperanto and regulates institutions and processes of language development. On the basis of § 4 sentence 3 of the Bulonja Deklaracio it is part of Fundamentos without the grammar and vocabulary used in it belonged first to the Esperanto - standard; this was done only by a subsequent official supplement.