Georg Prochaska
Georg Prochaska ( Czech Jiri Prochazka ); ( Born April 10, 1749 Lispitz - today Blížkovice, Okres Znojmo in Moravia; † July 17, 1820 in Vienna) was a Czech- Austrian physician and medical scientist.
Life
Prochaska attended the Jesuit school in Znojmo. The visit to this school, he financed after the death of his father by tutoring activity. Supported by a related canons in Olomouc he studied from 1765-67 up there philosophy. Having thus obtained already in 1767 in his 18th year, the philosophical doctorate, he devoted himself first in Prague and later in Vienna to study medicine. Seriously ill he came to Vienna in the clinic by Anton de Haen ( 1704-76 ). This supported him after his recovery and enabled him to study medicine since 1770. After de Haens death Prochaska found a new mentor in the anatomist and oculist Joseph Barth ( 1745-1818 ). Prochaska 1776 was awarded his doctorate for Dr. med ( Dissertatio medica inauguralis " de urino " ), in 1778 he was appointed as Professor of Anatomy and Ophthalmology at the University of Prague, where he also "higher Anatomy " and physiology taught since 1786. According to Barth's resignation in 1791, he took over the Chair of Anatomy and Ophthalmology, a position he held until his retirement in 1819.
Services
Work
Even as a student Prochaska began with her own anatomical and physiological investigations. He published in 1778 his first work Controversae quaestiones physio logicae, quae vires cordis et sanguinis motum by casa animalia concernunt. In this work, about the heart and the movement of blood he was able to show that the rate of blood flow decreases when blood passes from a thicker to a thinner artery. It was designed by the famous anatomist Lazzaro Spallanzani ( 1729-99 ) so violently, but unjustifiably attacked.
In 1781 he represented the largely rejected view malformation of fetuses was not determined, but was developing during pregnancy due to faulty differentiation of the institutions concerned, starting from an initially uniform tissue substrate.
Prochaska's main work is Commentatio de functionibus systemis nervosi. It appeared 1784th In it he tried to nerve function on the basis of observations possible waiving any preconceived assumptions to explain. The muscle reflex he said with a nervous force ( vis nervosa ) and a common sense Centre ( sensorium commune ) as a coordinating body. This is to be sought not only in the brain but also in the spinal cord. This is reminiscent of the later teachings of the autonomic and psychic reflex arc. The nerve force should always be latent and proportional to the strength of an external or internal stimulus act. This model approaches to today's notions of the nerve impulse.
The " sensorium commune" is reminiscent of secondary and tertiary sensory centers, see today's perception theory, illustrated by the example of vision. There are also parallels to the Aristotelian notion of κοινη αἶσθησις koine aistesis. Such philosophical and sensualist approaches and corresponding traditions of antiquity distinguish the Enlightenment physiologists of the nervous system, which Prochaska, as well as Johann August Dead Ringers is to count.
Prochaska was assumed that there are two separate nervous systems: one should conduct sensory stimuli from outside to inside the sensorium commune, the other in the reverse direction; the latter he regarded as the reflex system that is independent of physical laws and the will. Will and intellect were of the " sensorium commune" independent and localized elsewhere. In it suggests the idea that different parts of the brain and nervous system have different tasks, ie it begs the question of localization in neurology. With its hypotheses Prochaska influenced, inter alia, Marshall Hall (1790-1857), François Achille Longet ( 1811-71 ) and Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger ( 1829-1910 ). After 1810, he turned to the romantic philosophy of nature.
Prochaska found in the muscle bundles, the striations and sarcolemma and gave the first detailed description of Olive as part of the medulla oblongata. He was also active as an ophthalmologist and, according to contemporary reports, over 3000 cataract operations have performed.
Medical Historical Findings
Prochaska is characterized by the principles of vitalism and followers of the teachings of Georg Ernst Stahl in terms of the influence of psychological factors. He shares with other eminent scholars such as Johann August Undzer the fate that their services have during their life found little recognition and were only later appreciated and valued in their meaning.
Works
- Controversae quaestiones physio logicae, quae vires cordis et sanguinis motum by casa animalia concernunt. ( 1778)
- Commentatio de functionibus systemis nervosi. (1784 )
- Dissertatio medica inauguralis " de urino " (1776 ) dissertation
- De carne musculari tractatus and De structura nervorum (1776 ) Habilitation Theses
- Quaestiones physio logicae, quae vires cordis et sanguinis motum by vasa animalia concernunt (from 1778)
- Adnotationes academicae continentes: observationes et descriptiones anatomicae (III Fasc 1780-84. )
- Institutiones physiologiae Humanae (II Fasc. , The second volume appeared in 1805, the whole work in German translation under the title tenets of human physiology 2 vols 1797, in 2nd and 3rd edition 1802 and 1810), the Prochaska fully fashioned published in 1820 under the title physiology. Or doctrine of the nature of man. Free e - book ( Google)
- Attempt an empirical representation of the Polar Natural Law and its application to the Thätigkeiten of organic and inorganic bodies, with flashbacks to the animal organism (1815 )
- The principles of physiology ( 1851) Paperback with contributions by Georg Prochaska, Johann August Dead Ringers, inter alia, cf Fig book cover