Grammatical particle

Particles (singular particle, from Latin particula, particles ') refers to a class of function words. It is expected to give the particles - in the broader sense - all non- inflected words of a language, or - in the narrow sense - not only those inflected words that do not belong to the subclasses preposition, adverb, or conjunction.

The noun has particles in the sense of a word class feminine gender ( nominative singular, the particles, the particles nominative plural ). In other meanings it either neutral (singular the particles, the particles plural, from Latin particulum ) has or feminine gender.

Particles in each language

German

The Duden grammar, which considered only the particles nichtflektierbaren words that are neither prepositions, adverbs or conjunctions still differs according to their function seven types of particles:

• Intensity particles ( particles or degrees also increase particle called ): little, some, somewhat, almost, quite, so, very, very, very, extremely, extremely, extremely, deeply, intensely, to
• Focus particle (emphasis added ): He just wanted to help.
• Negation particle: not
• Modal particle (also Abtönungspartikel ) press expectancy, approval or disapproval of: on, of course, stop, just, yes, but, perhaps, simple, but, merely, only, sometimes ...
• Talk particles help to organize, confirmation, as shouts, greetings and responses ( response particle ): yes, no, uh, like ...
• Expression particles ( interjections ): !! O, oh, hey, too bad, ugh, hurray, yuck, juhu, au, ouch, ouch! uh! , ah!, alas, oops! , oho! , whoops! , oh dear! , huh! , hihi! , yah! , hui! , phew! , uff! , pff! , phh! rg! , hott!
• Onomatopoetic particle ( onomatopoeia ): kikeriki, woof, woof, meow, quack, bang, bang, boing, sirens, tick-tack; plumps, distortion (see Inflektiv ); hey presto! , zack! , in no time!

In addition, there are some dialects question particles, for example a in the German Carinthian dialect.

In order to combine and separate letters of word compounds from particles and verb see by the particle list after the spelling reform of 1996.

Ancient Egyptian

The Egyptian language also knows particles, both independent particles that can initiate a set, and a dependent particles, which are used only in the Suffixkonjugationen. There are also negative particles, negate the sentences or parts of sentences. The most common particle is jw, for the introduction of adverbial clauses and verbal forms; it is often used in narratives.

Japanese

Introductory sentence particles

In some languages, there are introductory sentence particles, such as in the Cymric (mi / fe; eg Mi nofiodd Mary bob dydd " Mary has swum every day " ), Hittite ( nu) or Luwian.