Hornbeam
Japanese Hornbeam (Carpinus japonica ) fruits
The hornbeam or hornbeam (Carpinus ) are a genus of the birch family Cucurbitaceae. There are deciduous trees or tall shrubs of the temperate northern hemisphere from Europe to the distribution area in East Asia. One species is found in North America. The only native species in Central Europe is the Common hornbeam. Despite its name, the hornbeam trees are not closely related to the book.
Description
The hornbeam are deciduous trees or shrubs, sometimes with gray, smooth or scaly bark. The branches are thin. The buds are pointed conical or ovoid and are applied to the branches, terminal buds are missing. The bud scales are arranged in four longitudinal rows. The leaves are alternate in two rows. The stipules are obsolete or stay until the leaf litter obtained. The leaf blade is cut easily and irregularly double or single. Are formed depending on the type seven to 34 pairs of nerves.
The flowers are monoecious distributed and appear with the leaves emerge. The male inflorescences are pendulous cylindrical catkins with numerous overlapping bracts. They grow on leafless or wenigblättrigen short shoots. The flowers grow singly in the axils of the ovate bracts. You do not have Perigon still cover page and have three to 12 stamens with forked at the top of stamens and two -chambered anthers with separate and hairy at the top of counters. The female inflorescences are upright and later hanging, hairy kitten with five to 20 flowers at the ends of young, leafy shoots. The two flowers grow in the axils of the ovate and deciduous bracts. You have an inconspicuous perianth and an egg-shaped or three-lobed cover page. The ovary is zweifächrig, the two thread-like scars are red.
The fruits grow to several in up to 15 centimeters long fruit stands aged men with 1-4 cm long stalks. As fruits 3-10 mm ovoid, more or less flattened, längsrippige nuts are long, formed, which are united at the base with the egg-shaped or three-lobed, distinctly veined cover page. The wings are always much longer than the nut.
The basic chromosome number of x = 8
Dissemination
The hornbeam are spread from Europe to East Asia, with its main application area is located in East Asia. One type, the American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana ) is native to North America.
System
The hornbeam (Carpinus ) are a genus of the birch family ( Betulaceae ) in the order of the book -like ( fagales ). Within the Birch family form the hornbeam along with the hop hornbeam ( Ostrya ), the hazel (Corylus ) and the genus Ostryopsis the subfamily of hazelnut plants ( Coryloideae ), which is led by some authors as a separate family. The genus was described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum first scientifically valid. The chosen means of generic name Carpinus comes from Latin and was already used by the Romans for the hornbeam.
According to Flora of China about 50 species are distinguished, of which 33 are native in China, 27 even endemic. The Plant List the following types are specified:
- Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.)
- American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana Walter )
- Carpinus chuniana Hu
- Nodding Pincushion hornbeam (Carpinus cordata Blume)
- Carpinus dayongiana K.W.Liu & Q.Z.Lin
- Carpinus eximia Nakai
- Carpinus faginea Lindl.
- Carpinus fangiana Hu
- Carpinus fargesiana H.J.P.Winkl.
- Carpinus hebestroma Yamam.
- Carpinus henryana ( H.J.P.Winkl. ) H.J.P.Winkl.
- Japanese Hornbeam (Carpinus japonica flower)
- Carpinus kawakamii Hayata
- Carpinus kweichowensis Hu
- Carpinus laxiflora ( Siebold & Zucc. ) Flower
- Carpinus lipoensis Y.K.Li
- Carpinus londoniana H.J.P.Winkl.
- Carpinus luochengensis J.Y.Liang
- Carpinus mengshanensis S.B.Liang & F.Z.Zhao
- Carpinus mianningensis T.P.Li
- Carpinus microphylla ZCChen ex YSWang & JPHuang
- Carpinus mollicoma Hu
- Carpinus monbeigiana Hand. - Mazz.
- Carpinus omeiensis Hu & W.P.Fang
- Oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis Mill )
- Carpinus paohsingensis W.Y.Hsia
- Carpinus polyneura Franch.
- Carpinus pubescens Burkill
- Carpinus purpurinervis Hu
- Carpinus putoensis W.C.Cheng
- Carpinus rankanensis Hayata
- Carpinus rupestris A.Camus
- Carpinus × schuschaensis H.J.P.Winkl.
- Carpinus shensiensis Hu
- Carpinus shimenensis C.J.Qi
- Carpinus tientaiensis W.C.Cheng
- Carpinus tropicalis ( Donn.Sm. ) Lundell
- Carpinus tsaiana Hu
- Tschonoskis hornbeam (Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. )
- Turczaninows hornbeam (Carpinus turczaninowii Hance )
- Carpinus viminea Wall. ex Lindl.
Use
The wood of the hornbeam is of little economic importance. Due to the hardness, it is used to manufacture hammers, tool handles and drum stick used especially in Europe.