Hybosoridae
Hybosoridae is a family of beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea.
- 5.1 Notes and references
Features
Beetle
The beetles have a body length of 5.0 to 15.0 millimeters. Your body is oval, light brown to black and shiny. The head is not bent down. The front edge of the nasopharynx is centrally perforated to sägeförmig and has a hemline that ranges from sparse, fine hairs on dense fine pubescence sparse to strong pubescence. Lateral ridges can be formed. The sclerotic areas of the nasopharynx ( Tormae ) are single, double or missing. In a few species such as discus Metachaetodus a central bristles is formed. The sensors are zehngliedrig and have a tripartite lobe, whose first member is cup-shaped ( cupuliform ) and usually encloses the other two members. The mandibles have a sclerotized base and top. The latter is usually pointed. The Prostheca is small over a row of hair to a hairy membrane formed In the genus Hybosorus a distinct tuft of hair is mesial trained. The basal part of the maxilla ( Cardo ) is extended horizontally. The lateral stipes is regressed and separated from the median Stipes. The latter is fused with the turn intergrown with each other paraplegics and Ventrostopes. The Galea consists of hairy lobes. The labial and Maxillarpalpen are four members, with the exception of the genus Chaetodus, tripartite in the latter and the genus Anaides, are tripartite in the former. The labium is grown in all types with the mentum and Prementum. The wing vein 1AX - fsc2 is wide and sickle-shaped. The Tracheenöffnungen of the abdomen are all functional. The last pair is located on tergite. The male genitalia are formed differently and either symmetric or asymmetric. They have a saccule and genital capsule which can be, however, much reduced form in some species. The female genitalia have on the ninth tergite at the centerline of a membranous area. Do not have the styli.
The body of the larva is curved in a wide C. The thoracic and abdominal segments are divided in three folds on the back. Ocelli are not trained. The Frontoclypealnaht is available. The antennae are four members, in some genera, the last two segments are fused, however, so that their sensors appear tripartite. On the last antennal segment is a large sense spot, which comprises about half of the segment. Both mandibles have a right angle lying dorsal keel. Galea and lacinia are clearly separated. On the front and middle legs, the larvae have organs with which they can generate noise. The rear legs are not shortened.
Dissemination
The family is distributed worldwide, but has its main range in the tropics.
Way of life
The adults of most species are nocturnal and are attracted by light sources. They feed on decaying meat in the early stages of decay and manure. Several African species is known to be attracted by fresh carrion in large numbers. Hybosorus illigeri feeds predatory and hunts small insects. Larvae were found in decaying plant material or in soil. Both she and the imago can be produced by stridulation noise. The larvae to rub their front legs against the front edge of the nasopharynx, which is unique within the Scarabaeoidea.
The family includes more than 26 extant and four extinct genera with about 230 species. In the New World it come before 16 genera and more than 40 species.
The monophyly of the family is justified by the following two autapomorphies: The imagines the wing vein 1AX - fsc2 is wide, crescent-shaped and in the larvae organs are on the front and middle legs adapted for noise generation. On the basis of the male genitalia and mouthparts shows that the family in a New World and Old World, a group can be subdivided. However, there is also an approach that subfamily Dynamopodinae that is of Bag & Leschen (2005) the family of scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae ) attributed to be submitted within the Hybosoridae. The Hybosoridae are kinship between the Ochodaeidae and Ceratocanthidae or Erdkäfern ( Trogidae ) and the Ceratocanthidae. The fact that the family forms a sister group with the Ceratocanthidae was confirmed by several studies.