Ingvaeonic languages

• North Germanic
• North Seeger manic or Ingwäonisch
• Weser -Rhine Germanic languages ​​or Istävonisch
• Elbgermanisch or Herminonisch
• Ostgermanisch or Gothic

As a North Sea Germanic languages ​​( or ingwäonische languages) various Germanic varieties are referred to in linguistics that were spread around the middle of the first millennium in the North Sea area and share common features. As descendants of these varieties Frisian, Low Saxon and Old English or English which are accordingly also today still classified as North Seeger Manic apply. Also the Lower Franconian or Dutch is sometimes expected to do so. Typical North Sea Germanic characteristics, so-called " Ingwäonismen " are to be found mainly in the Frisian and English. The Lower Saxony has lost through early access to the Frankish or German high many North Sea Germanic characteristics.

North Seeger manic or Ingwäonisch?

The terms North seeger manic and ingwäonisch be used today largely synonymous. Other terms for this language group are nordwestgermanisch, küstenwestgermanisch and coastal German. The term nordwestgermanisch is however ambiguous, as it can also refer to the unity of the North Germanic and West Germanic, as well as to the unity of North Germanic and North Seeger manic.

Ingwäonisch

The term goes back to the Roman writer Cornelius Tacitus. This had reported in his De origine et situ Germanorum of three cultures of the Germanic tribes, of which the Ingaevones closest inhabited the ocean. Second source for the term is the Roman writer Pliny the Elder, who reports in his Historia naturalis of the Ingvaeones, in other transliteration also Inguaeones.

The term is therefore in several spellings used: in addition to the version Tacitus ingaevonisch also occur ingävonisch, ingväonisch and adapted to the modern spelling ingwäonisch.

Based on the living after this tribal division at the North Ingaevones, which include, among other things, the Frisians, the Saxons and the Angles are expected, chose to use the term Ingwäonisch as a label for the linguistic features, including the term Anglo - Frisian was no longer meeting. The term is, however, widely criticized because it can be understood as a direct reference to the unknown language of Tacitus Ingaevones.

North Seeger Manic

In linguistics there is a tendency, terms that refer to tribes, to be replaced by those that do not. In the case of the term ingwäonisch the term North seeger manic such a replacement. But this geographical name is not without controversy, as North Sea Germanic features also occur deep in the Dutch and Low German inland. In addition, the term applies in contrast to ingwäonisch as bulky and only moderately useful for other derived terms, such as " Nordseegermanismen ".

North Sea Germanic Languages

The discussion about the North Sea Germanic / Ingwäonische takes science to remain. So was and is the North Sea Germanic judged differently.

The term ingwäonisch can still have the same meaning as the term Anglo- Frisian. In the Ingwäonen theory of Ferdinand Wrede, the two terms have the same meaning.

However ingwäonisch usually equated with North seeger manic today in linguistics. The term North seeger manic comes from theory to outline the Germans by Friedrich Maurer and includes not only the English and Frisian, but also the low German.

In addition to the Old English and Old Frisian also the Altniederdeutsche ( Old Saxon ) belongs to the North Sea Germanic languages. However, the Low German dialects under the influence of the south is advised: only the Frankish after the subjugation of the Saxons by Charlemagne, then High German influence. Low German has its North Sea Germanic character - except for some relics ( Ingwäonismen ) - lost.

The Netherlands is assessed differently, usually it is not associated with the North Sea Germanic, as it on the foot Franconian dialects. But has a Dutch North Sea Germanic substrate. This North Sea Germanic influences are viewed partly as Frisian substrate, sometimes not associated with the Frisian.

Viewpoints on the topic " Ingwäonen "

The discussion on the North Sea Germanic languages ​​is difficult because the Ingwäonen and their languages ​​are connected quite different theories.

For example, put the German linguist Ferdinand Wrede 1924 a theory according to which have long formed a joint ingwäonischen language area of ​​the Low German and the Swabian- Alemannic room one time, with common linguistic properties. After Wrede's theory " West Germanic " and " Anglo - Frisian " ( Ingwäonisch ) had originally been the same. According to this theory the Goths have driven on their walks a wedge between the two areas and they separated. German was gotisiertes " West Germanic " ( Ingwäonisch ). This theory has, however, proved to be defective.

Another representative of radical Ingwäonen theories was the Dutch linguist Klaas Heeroma. Since 1935, he continued to be interested with the Ingwäonischen and cried with his theories often produced contradictory.

The Dutch linguist Maurice Schonfeld uses the term ingväonisch however, very careful. For him, this term is only a flexible dialektologischer term for moving Isoglossenkomplexe, without reference to prehistoric tribes or unit languages. For him, the term is a label for linguistic phenomena on the coast, without precise delimitation in space and time.

Characteristics of North Sea Germanic languages

Linguistic peculiarities of the North Sea Germanic languages ​​are usually called Ingwäonismen. This term has a well-established, even if you otherwise frequently uses the term North seeger manic. As generally go to the North Sea Germanic, the research opinions differ to the Ingwäonismen. There is no agreement on what features to the Ingwäonismen be counted. The following are mentioned without any claim to completeness and generality are some examples:

• Nasal spirant law: failure of the nasal fricative before, this compensatory lengthening: Germanic * samftō, ijaz " gently " is to western fries. SEFT, Eng. soft, niederdt. gently, ndl. zacht
• Germanic * goose " goose " becomes western fries. goes, Guo, Eng. goose, niederdt. Goos

• German "he": niederdt. Hey, ndl. hij, Eng. hey, western fries. hy, saterfries. hie, north fries. hi
• German " her ": niederdt. ji, mndl. ghi, Eng. you, western fries. jim, saterfries. jie, north fries. jam

• German 'cheese': engl. cheese, western fries. tsiis, saterfries. sies North fries. lake
• German "church": engl. church, western fries. tsjerke, saterfries. seerke, north fries. schörk, sark
• In Low German up on relic words almost disappeared: Sever next Kever " beetle"

Swell

• Language group
• Germanic linguistics
• Germanic Languages
• West Germanic