Intelligent transportation system

Traffic telematics means the use of telematics in transport. The word telematics describes everything that has to do with vehicles, their occupants, the shipping and receiving, processing and presentation of data in a vehicle. Furthermore, the transport telematics support the coordination of road transport, rail transport, maritime and air transport.

The term traffic telematics

Transport telematics and the internationally used term ITS ( Intelligent Transport Systems ) refers to the capture, transmission, processing and use of traffic data with the purpose of organization, information and control of traffic with the use of information and communication technologies.

Transport policy, there is resistance to traffic telematics a very high expectation. Telematics systems will help to be able to handle the traffic more efficient, ecological and safe, optimal use of existing infrastructure, comprehensive, up to date and easy to inform road users to access and selectively and dynamically to control or guiding traffic. Comprehensive and current traffic information based on traffic telematics to stimulate the transition to ecological transport, thus supporting transport and environmental policy objectives. In logistics, transport telematics for efficient organization and dynamic scheduling of transport processes is used. Also for the settlement of monetary control measures ( tolling, congestion charging ) are used transport telematics applications.

For individual transport modes (such as motorized private ) already have extensive traffic telematics solutions. Intermodal solutions ( ie the compound of Motorised individual transport, between the public transport, cycling and walking ) are already separated at the regional level; at national and international level through a number of projects in this direction. However, the main challenges are still different standards, interfaces, data quality and organizational responsibilities at regional, national and international level as well as between the different modes.

On the necessity of telematics solutions

According to a study by the ADAC, the average motorist is around 65 hours a year in traffic jams and rising. Around 14 billion liters of fuel annually in congestion unnecessarily consumed, which harms the natural environment. Furthermore hurts the jam and the economy ( the oil companies are hereby excluded) for example by lost work time. For these reasons (cleanliness, safety, efficiency ) to the European Commission also takes care of the issue of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems).

The targeted use of transport telematics, the existing traffic routes can be exploited better. So the driver can be given timely notification known what awaits him on his chosen route and how he can handle any bottlenecks and issues. The current traffic is to only partially able, as he reports usually only every half hour and some congestion, he announces, in the meantime no longer exist, or the driver no longer has the option to choose a different route.

Use of transport telematics

One of the largest areas of application of telematics is the transport telematics. Covers all electronic control systems that help transport is coordinated. Here, many hopes are pinned to prevent traffic, but here is up to a possible mass use some time to come.

The goals to be achieved by the transport telematics:

• Increasing the efficiency of existing transport infrastructure
• Avoid congestion and uncovered and search drives
• Combining the advantages of the various modes (rail, road, water, air ) and merging into an integrated overall concept ( modal split )
• Improving road safety, as a result, reduce the accidents and the risk of congestion
• Reduce environmental pollution (especially CO2) by controlling the traffic and the driving behavior ( EcoDrive system)

Private transport

Driving is probably next to the rail, the largest application area of ​​technical telematics.

On German highways traffic signs are increasingly being installed at critical points. With the help of traffic flows can be influenced, for example, by warnings or speed limits, but also diversion recommendations. However, this requires the presence of traffic data to be detected by optical, inductive or other means. In a traffic control center, the data are collected and processed traffic information. Thus, for example, calculate a maximum speed that ensures a smoother flow of traffic. Even in bad weather, these systems limit the maximum speed. Accidents could be reduced by 30 %, serious accidents by 50 %.

Since autumn 1997, the so-called RDS / TMC exists. Behind this acronym hides the English term "Radio Data System / Traffic Message Channel". It is a traffic information service through which congestion and dangerous situations by data transfer via VHF eg in the appropriate car radio at any time can be called a targeted and repeatable. This increases the security and the traffic more evenly distributed on different roads.

Relatively well known and used in navigation systems are increasingly in road vehicles. Instead of looking at the road atlas or home computer a route, the driver on satellite navigation is guided to the target. In this way, the resulting by " process " traffic as well as part of the search traffic is low, because in modern systems include Park Homes mitverzeichnet. A combination of the latest traffic information, real time travel data and satellite navigation can already find the optimal path. Just when drivers often drive them unfamiliar routes which will help such systems. This is, for example, in freight and taxi traffic, as well as the breakdown service and the emergency of the case.

Traffic flow analyzes to determine with the help of various sensors data to traffic flow and density. This travel time can be calculated ( and pass on this information in real time to the handlebars on site as in Paris on Boulevard périphérique ) or are evaluable data for traffic planning a room.

In the future, data should be exchanged via cooperative systems of I2V ( Infrastructure to Vehicle ) and V2V / C2C (Vehicle to Vehicle or car to car ). On the road means cooperation that vehicles communicate with each other and with the infrastructure. The data that are available in the vehicle are recorded and sent to a central computer, which interprets it. With these data, for example, be determined whether it is raining or just a queue builds ( windshield wipers = rain, frequent braking = jam). The cooperative systems to assist the driver better in their duties. The system is to be realized by means of a radio network, which sends the data from the vehicle to a central computer and analyzed. The central computer determines a driving recommendation, which is the individual driver specifically transmitted. The goal of cooperatives systems is that the infrastructure is better used or planned, and thus increases the safety in traffic. The official definition of cooperative systems in road transport in the European Commission is: " Road operators, infrastructure, vehicles, their drivers to cooperate and other road users in order to allow the most efficient, safe and pleasant journey. Between vehicles and infrastructure cooperating systems will contribute about the possibilities of isolated schemes, to achieve this objective. "

The introduction of a kilometer-based road user fee is a way to cost recovery by the MIV (Electronic Road Pricing). Here, too, can help telematics systems in the collection.

The ideals of self-controlled vehicle, however, was at least partially abandoned (eg Siemens). Although control instruments of this type are technically within reach, but the opinion has prevailed, the driver should not completely track steering, anti-collision, etc. are taken from the responsibility. In addition, the legal consequences associated with it in case of failure of the technique for the affected companies would be difficult to calculate.

In many cities, the introduction of traffic-sensitive switched traffic signal (LSA ) has been published. In this way, the red phases to be controlled as required. This helps the environment by reducing emissions. In this context, the connecting several sets of traffic lights to the "green wave" must be called.

Municipal -operated traffic control systems reduce the search for parking. By parking guidance systems and park and ride Information Systems downtown is relieved somewhat from individual motor.

Public transport (PT )

In all major transport companies, especially in transport associations, regulates a telematic fleet management system (RBL ) the precise and smooth flow in public transport.

Public transport vehicles can be preempted by priority control at traffic lights. When the vehicles stop only at bus stops is an increase in the travel speed is reached which can reduce the number of vehicles required. Often you can meet the bus lanes with their own signal systems.

Both in the transport of the transport networks as well as in long-distance transport of the web, more and more electronic information, booking and reservation systems have established. So the customer should be stopped to switch to public transport and thus a sustainable transport reduction can be achieved. 1999 is (te ) an integrated information system ( Delfi ) are introduced, which gives information on public transport on composite and rail boundaries.

Also, the entire area is technically produced one train control systems for traffic telematics and thus represents the oldest and probably the most extensive application dar. To include the technical assurance of a level crossing by means of signaling or warning systems to do so.

Freight traffic

When freight is sought to smooth and timely flow, above all, a functioning movement of goods between modes and customized interfaces to it. Again, a train control system is used, which takes over the coordination. Thus, the number of trips is reduced and the transition be facilitated by rail and inland waterways.

Another big difference is the pronounced use of telematic logistics systems. Radio - and satellite -based fleet management systems facilitate the identification of goods (this is in the USA with UPS already to anyone on the internet), makes for a better utilization of the transport space and reduce empty trips and detours.

In freight transport centers of the long-distance freight transport with the city logistics systems is coupled. Especially in the city so distances can be optimized and a city -friendly vehicle choice can be simplified.

Rail freight

Traffic telematics also apply in European rail freight transport. Until the turn of the millennium, there were in European rail transport no functioning tracking system on car level. This led to the apparent disappearance of partially platoon level, since individual freight wagons could not be located. Based on test drives in the late 1990s upgraded the DB Cargo freight cars and transport containers made with an autonomous telematics system for the localization of wagons since 2003. This telematics system combines the features of the satellite tracking system GPS with the possibilities of the cellular network GSM. The telematics system monitors the transport unit with connected sensors and reports all data on the GSM networks to a central communication server of Deutsche Bahn.

Maritime and aviation

In both transport systems security by telematics applications plays a special role. To monitor radar systems for both the air and sea space to. The shipping in the area of ​​coastal and inland traffic is increasingly controlled and monitored via AIS. At the same time the ships AIS shall exchange the navigation and dates. The traffic flow is controlled by the European headquarters in Brussels airspace control " Euro Control" is to vote the planned air traffic and capacity each other. According to the Munich airport, the airspace is, however, still controlled by relatively many small-scale centers. So there is certainly a need for action. Also the productivity and utilization should be improved by using information and communication technologies.

Satellite systems are used for the creation of electronic charts, haul flight routes and landing maneuvers. The transportation of dangerous goods benefits from these systems.

Norms and Standards

The following standardization committees dealing with transport telematics:

• ISO TC 204
• CEN TC 278

The following standards have been developed in the field of transport telematics:

• ACP ( Motorola)
• GATS ( ATX Group / Vodafone )
• GTP ( Telematics Forum )
• NGTP (BMW, Connexis, Wireless Car)