Internet protocol suite

The Internet protocol family is a family of about 500 network protocols, which form the basis for network communication on the Internet. Often the term TCP / IP protocol family is used.

History and practical use of the Internet protocol are described in the article, TCP / IP.

TCP / IP reference model

In the late 1960s the development began with a study of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ), the (DoD ) reports to the Ministry of Defense of the United States, to develop protocols for data communication. Here, the DoD - layer model, in which the tasks were divided into four layers was formed. This model is based on the Internet protocol family.

Communication is implemented in computer networks by network protocols and divided in practice into functional layers (layer). For this is the Internet and the Internet protocol family breakdown by the so-called TCP / IP reference model, which describes four successive layers, prevail. This is tailored to the Internet protocols that allow the exchange of data on the limits of local networks out ( these are primarily TCP and IP). Here neither the access to a transmission medium are still defines the data transmission technology. Rather, the Internet protocols are responsible forwards data packets over multiple point-to -point connections (hops ) and establish on this basis connections between network devices with multiple hops.

To consider problems of network communication in general, one falls back on the more detailed ISO / OSI reference model. It should however be noted that the designation of the individual layers differs in the models.

The individual layers perform the following functions:

Example

Protocol stack

Application layer (equivalent to OSI Layer 5-7)

  • DNS (Domain Name System ) - translation between domain names and IP addresses
  • DoIP ( Diagnostics over IP) - transport protocol for vehicle diagnostics
  • FTP - File Transfer Protocol - File Transfer
  • HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (WWW)
  • HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
  • IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol - access to e- mails
  • IPFIX - Internet Protocol Flow Information Export
  • L2TP - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
  • LLMNR - Link -local Multicast Name Resolution
  • NDMP - Network Data Management Protocol ( ndmp.org, no IETF RFC)
  • MBS / IP - Multi -purpose Business Security over IP
  • NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol - Discussion forums ( Usenet)
  • NTP - Network Time Protocol
  • POP3 - Post Office Protocol (version 3 ) - E -mail retrieval
  • RDP - Display and control of desktops on remote computers (Microsoft)
  • RTP - Real-Time Transfer Protocol
  • SIP - structure, control and reduction of communication session ( VoIP)
  • SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol - management of devices in the network
  • SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - E -mail delivery
  • SOCKS - Internet Sockets protocol
  • SSH - Secure Shell ( encrypted remote terminal)
  • Telnet - unencrypted login to remote hosts (remote terminal)
  • XMPP - Extensible Message and Presence Protocol
  • Z39.50 - query of information systems

Transport layer (equivalent to OSI Layer 4 )

  • (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP - Transmission of data streams (connection oriented, reliable)
  • UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - transfer of data packets ( connectionless, unreliable, low overhead )
  • SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) - Transport Protocol
  • TLS Transport Layer Security, formerly known as ' Secure Socket Layer ( SSL) ' - extension of TCP to encryption

Internet layer (equivalent to OSI Layer 3)

  • Internet Protocol (IP ) - Packet transmission ( connectionless )
  • IPsec ( Internet Protocol Security) - Secure data packet transmission ( connectionless )
  • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) - control messages (such as error messages), part of every IP implementation
  • IGRP ( Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) - Exchange of information between routers ( distance vector ) (obsolete - replaced by EIGRP )
  • EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) - Exchange of information between routers via IP
  • OSPF ( Open Shortest Path First ) - Exchange of information between routers (link state) via IP
  • BGP ( Border Gateway Protocol) - Exchange of information between autonomous systems on the Internet (path vector) via TCP
  • RIP (Routing Information Protocol) - Exchange of information between routers ( distance vector ) via UDP

Network access layer (equivalent to OSI Layer 1-2)

  • Ethernet CSMA / CD - Network Standard IEEE 802.3 - and first graphics to Ethernet
  • Wi - Fi networking standard IEEE 802.11
  • PPP - Point-to- Point Protocol, RFC 1661
  • Token Bus - IEEE 802.4 networking standard
  • Token Ring - Network Standard IEEE 802.5
  • FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface
  • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) - address conversion between IP and device addresses (MAC)
  • RARP ( Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ) - address conversion between units (MAC ) and IP addresses (deprecated - replaced by BOOTP)
IP over Avian Carriers Point-to-Point Protocol Frame (networking) Octet IP Flow Information Export Link-local Multicast Name Resolution Real-Time Transport Protocol Session Initiation Protocol Network socket Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection List of TCP and UDP port numbers CYCLADES Pennsylvania State University W. Richard Stevens Andrew S. Tanenbaum Jim Kurose
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