John Bissell Carroll

John Bissell "Jack" Carroll ( born June 5, 1916 in Hartford, Connecticut; † July 1, 2003 in Fairbanks, Alaska) was an American educational psychologist, psycho- linguist and intelligence researchers.

Biography

At the age of 13, he was in contact with Benjamin Whorf, of which he published posthumously in 1956 a selection of works under the title Language, Thought and Reality ( 1963 German language, thought, reality ). Through him, Edward Sapir introduced into linguistics, he first studied Altphilologien at Wesleyan University, from which he first degree 1937. During the summer of that year he went to the Linguistic Institute of the University of Michigan. During his studies, he became interested in psychology, after which he pursued to the then -known psychologists, speech research, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, moved to the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. Soon Skinner helped him to stay at Louis Leon Thurstone at the University of Chicago, where he could meet his tendency to psychometrics more. Here he carried out research focused on linguistic talents and completed in 1941 his dissertation "A Factor Analysis of Verbal Abilities ." In subsequent years, Carroll was one of the founding fathers of psycholinguistics and dealt a lot with the learning of a second language.

1940 to 1942 he taught for the first time Psychology and Education Sciences at Mount Holyoke College. Here he also met his wife, the psychologist Mary Searle know. Until 1943 he was a lecturer at Indiana University, from where he moved to the University of Chicago for a year. In 1949 he went to the Harvard Graduate School of Education, where he was appointed Professor of Education ( Roy E. Larsen Professor of Education) 1956. After working in the Educational Testing Service in Princeton (New Jersey ) 1967 to 1974, he returned to the University. At the University of North Carolina, he was until his retirement in 1982, Professor of Psychology, where he managed from 1974 to 1979 the LL Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory.

Contributions to psycholinguistics

Starting point of the academic career Carroll was psycholinguistics, which he was firmly in his work on educational psychology and in intelligence research. Considerable work has been the development of " Modern Language Aptitude Test" ( MLAT ) for the U.S. Army, which he published in 1959 together with Stanley Sapon. It is used today by government organizations for the selection of candidates to have a special talent for learning foreign languages ​​. In 1961 he published the "Fundamental considerations in testing for English language proficiency of foreign students" who had considerable influence on the design of the entrance test for American Universities Test of English as a Foreign Language ( TOEFL).

Contributions to educational psychology

In educational psychology Carroll presented in 1963 before his Model of School Learning, which is to give a framework model predicting academic success over the inclusion of various factors. The individual differences of each student in their general intelligence, their special talents and motivation are compared with the variables of the teaching quality and duration. To this day, serves a revision of the model ( "The Carroll Model: A 25 Year Retrospective and Prospective View" 1989) as a research and evaluation base.

Contributions to intelligence research

His most famous contribution to psychology today is the "three-tier model" (Three Stratum Model) of intelligence. In his book published in 1993 Human Cognitive Abilities: A survey of factor- analytic studies he put his theory a synopsis of 461 based on factor analysis. The three layers represent a hierarchical factor model of intelligence is:

  • Layer I consists of about 70 specific intelligence skills
  • Layer II consists of eight broad factors of intelligence Fluid intelligence ( problem solving )
  • Crystallised intelligence (knowledge)
  • Memory and Learning
  • Width of visual perception
  • Width of auditory perception
  • Width memory skill
  • Width cognitive speed
  • Processing speed

The model integrates the different elements factor analytic approaches to intelligence research:

  • The two- factor theory of Charles Spearman,
  • The primary factors of Louis Leon Thurstone,
  • The crystalline and fluid intelligence of Raymond Bernard Cattell
  • The hierarchical models of intelligence by Philip E. Vernon and Cattell

It is often discussed together with the theories of Cattell and John L. Horn as CHC ( Cattell - Horn-Carroll ) theory. The CHC theory is based on the current revisions of many intelligence tests ( WISC IV as ( HAWIK -IV ), K -ABC II, Woodcock -Johnson III). However, this should not obscure the differences between these theories, because Horn is opposed to a general g factor, while Carroll endorsed him vehemently.

Carroll is one of the 52 signatories of the essay Mainstream Science on Intelligence, written by Linda Gottfredson and published in December 1994 by the Wall Street Journal.

Writings

Carroll is said to have published in his life more than 400 fonts. An overview of his earlier writings are Lorin W. Anderson ( ed.): Perspectives on school learning: Selected writings of John B. Carroll. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ 1985.

  • As editor: Language, Thought, and Reality. Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. M.I.T. Press, Boston 1956.
  • S. M. Sapon: Modern Language Aptitude Test. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas 1959
  • Fundamental considerations in testing for English language proficiency of foreign students. In: Testing Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC Reprinted in 1961. HB Allen and RN Campbell: Teaching English as a Second Language. A Book of Readings. McGraw Hill, New York 1972.
  • A model of school learning. In: Teachers College Record. Volume 64, 1963, pp. 723-733
  • Language and thought. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1964.
  • The Carroll model. A twenty- five year retrospective and prospective view. In: Educational Researcher. Volume 18, No. 1, 1989, p 26-31.
  • Educational psychology in the 21st century. In: Educational psychologist. Volume 28, 1993, pp. 89-95.
  • Human cognitive abilities. A survey of factor- analytical studies. Cambridge University Press, New York 1993, ISBN 0-521-38275-0
  • The three - stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In: DP Flanagan, JL Genshaft and PL Harrison ( Eds. ): Contemporary intellectual assessment. Theories, tests, and issues. The Guilford Press, New York 1997, pp. 122-130.
Hartford (Connecticut) Fluid and crystallized intelligence G factor (psychometrics) Integrated Authority File
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