Kayalıpınar, Yıldızeli

39.61944444444436.527777777778Koordinaten: 39 ° 37 '10 " N, 36 ° 31' 40" E

Kayalıpınar an archaeological site in Central Anatolia, about 1 km northeast of the village of the same name in the district Yildizeli is situated in the Turkish province of Sivas.

Location

Kayalıpınar is located a few hundred meters from the present as the former bed of the river Kizilirmak ( gr Halys, Hitt. Maraššantija ) away. The river is now only navigable by small boats, but for the 2nd century BC, when large parts of Anatolia were forested, a higher water level is to be assumed.

History of Research

T. ökse spoke for the first time by an extended Hittite city ruins. After 1999, the ground surface a first Tontafelfragment was discovered in 2002 and 2003 by using large-scale geophysical prospecting were the expansion and basic structures of the Hittite city ruins are recorded. 2005 began excavations by Andreas Müller- Karpe from the Prehistoric Department of the University of Marburg in cooperation with the Museum of Sivas. Due to lack of authorization, the excavations are set today.

Stratigraphy

• Layer 1B: 16 Christian- Roman (because adding anything loose ) Graves ( Kerpiç - stone and pit tombs ) on the SO- hill. In addition, building remains and a Roman brick ledges.
• Layer 1A: 102 Hellenistic / Roman tombs ( Tonsarkophag - stone and pit tombs ) on the East Hill.
• ( Late Hittite period and Iron Age: no building )

• Layer 2: Reconstruction of the fire ruins. Development of the United Kingdom of time; public buildings, otherwise hardly be reconstructed. At the end of a fire, no reconstruction.
• Layer 3: Buildings from the recent mittelhethitischen time: For example, Phase 2 of Building A ( foundation stone but in layer 4). Between 1400 and 1450 a large fire.
• Layer 4: buildings from older mittelhethitischer time (ie the time of the old Hatti Empire). For example, the Jungfernbau of building A.
• Layer 5: Two houses (House of Tamura and house on the eastern slope ) from the Karumzeit; Period of the Old Assyrian trade colonies. At the end of a fully developed fire.
• Layer 6: Ca. 5 m long piece of the wall under the center panel of the "House of Tamura ".
• Yet mature: On the steep southern slope of the floodplain chalkolithisch - Early Bronze Age remains and Alişar III goods came to light.

Architecture

Building A: It was built in layer 3 to layer 4 foundations at the southern edge of the slope of the Southeast hill, has a 43 × 20 m large, not quite rectangular floor plan with 18 of the EC rooms with one entrance. For a Hittite economic or residential building A is too large and too complex decorated (you can see the Türlaibungsstein and other suspected because of fragments evenly matched relief blocks. ) There must be a religious building or a palace. However, compared with just such in Hattusa and SARISSA it does not fit into the scheme. It could therefore be a royal residence. In the central region, the thicker layer 4, the walls of the eye are to be distinguished from the thinner layer 3 walls. In general, the walls around the 2 m thick, except in the (probably servants reserved ) West Wing. There is likely room 4 is the smallest and narrowest of all, have been used as servants staircase.

Finds

Was found a Türlaibungsstein mapped a great king, white limestone of Building A and the remains of another, probably the same stones that were installed partly in layer 3 for Building B ( but this is doubted by Mirko Novák, of the Türlaibungsstein for its preparation dated later than layer 3). 2000 Müller- Karpe published (p. 361) a clay tablet that accurately describes an Ishtar cult. It was the first font found there at all. Later more came to light.

Ancient Name

The following considerations bring Müller- Karpe on the identification Kayalıpınars with samuha ( 2000:363 ): Although the text of the Ishtar festival ritual itself provides no evidence. But the importance of the site in Kayalıpınar ( traffic- important location, size of the city of 20ha, holding rituals probably in the presence of the Great King ) suggests that it was registered in the Bogazköy archives. Of these, only hurma and samuha in question, because of their close geographic reference to Sarissa. Of this was only samuha together with Pitijarika and Arzija (both of which were less marked and significant) on a navigable river which can only be the Kızılırmak in the immediate vicinity of Sarissa, together with the upper Euphrates River, the only navigable river of Central Anatolia. Moreover, it was Šamuḫas main deity of the Ishtar, just like Kayalıpınars " Divine Lady " ( dGAŠAN ) according to the clay tablet a form of Ishtar was. dGAŠAN must also, according to studies van Gessels ( 1998:35 ) can be read as Šaušga, which corresponds to the Hurrian form of Ishtar. And just the cult in samuha was characterized generally Hurrian. So come Müller- Karpe (ibid.) concludes: " The majority of the evidence thus saith total for the localization of samuha at this place.