Kumyk language

Spoken in

Kumyk

Cumulative

The Kumyk language ( Kumyk Къумукъ тили / Qumuq tili ) is a Western Turkic language of the Pontic- Caspian subgroup. As such, this language belongs to the Turkic languages . The short form is Kumyk.

Main distribution area

The main distribution area of this language is located in the eastern part of the North Caucasus. There, especially in the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of the Chechens and Ingush in North Ossetia as well. For a time Kumyk acted as a kind of " lingua franca " in the Caucasus region and has many similarities with the neighboring Turkic languages on.

Alternative names

An obsolete term for this language is Tatar Tatar or mountain. With this designation incorrectly all the Turkic languages of the region were summarized. Furthermore Kumyk is also written many Kumyk.

In Turkey, the language is basically referred to only as " kumukisches Turkish " ( Turkish Kumuk Türkçesi ).

Classification options

The Kumyk language is classified differently. The " Fishing Encyclopedia languages " (1987 ) lists this language within the Turkic languages as follows.

Turkic languages

Western branch

Bulgarian group

Oghusische group
Kipchak group
Kipchak - oghusische group

Kumyk

In contrast, the classified " Metzler Lexikon Sprache " (1993 ) the language like this:

Turkic languages

Southwest Turkish ( Oghusisch )
Osttürkisch ( Karlukisch )
West Turkish ( Kiptschakisch )

Uralic ( Kipchak - Bulgarian)
Pontic - Caspian ( Kipchak - Oghusisch )

Kumyk

The current classification is listed in the article Turkic languages .

Dialects and alphabets

The Kumyk language is structured dialect. The main dialects are:

Although the Kumyk belongs to the southwestern Tell the Turkic languages , but points to a strong link with Azerbaijan, from which it was strongly influenced, particularly in the 1920s. Here are some examples where Kumyk is compared with the Azerbaijani and Turkish. For readability 's sake is written the Kumyk here in Latin letters.

Kumyk gelecekmen ( "I will come " )
Azerbaijani geleceyem
Turkish geleceğim

Kumyisch gelecekbiz ( "We will come " )
Azerbaijani geleceyik
Geleceğiz Turkish

Kumyk geleceksiz ( "You will come " )
Geleceksiniz Azerbaijani
Geleceksiniz Turkish

The Kumyk language probably forms a transition region of the Kipchak - in - the Oghuz Turkish language area. As their next of kin and Karachay- Balkar Nogai apply.

As a written language, the Kumyks served in the 13th century of the classical Persian. From the 15th century and the Tschagataisch was introduced as a higher-level language; Persian was only the language of poetry and science.

In the late 19th century, was also raised their language to independently written language as part of the nationalization of the peoples of the Russian Empire, which was written in the Arabic alphabet and the usual addition in the Persian character.

In 1929, the Kumyks took over the Romanization of non-Slavic peoples of Russia, when they introduced the "single Turkish alphabet " letters to their language.

But at the turn of 1937/1938 was a compulsory Russian lessons and associated introduced a modified Cyrillic alphabet in the Kumyks.

1988/89 called for some sections of the population kumykischen return to the Arabic script and in the 1990s experimented Kumyks with some latin alphabets. But both writing systems (Arabic and Latin) were unable to displace the Cyrillic script. To write the Kumyks to date with the Cyrillic alphabet. Panturkisten use today in many modern Turkish literary language in order to propagate their goals and programs on the internet.

The language code is KSK.

Language

In the 1920s an attempt was made to establish the Kumyk as the main spoken language in Dagestan, this project was abandoned in favor of Russian.