Lipovans

The Lipovans ( Lipovaner, Lippowaner, Lipovener, russ липованы, also ( hist ) старообрядцы, раскольники ) are a Russian-speaking minority living in Budschak (now Odessa Oblast, Ukraine) and in the Norddobrudscha (Romania).

Description

The number of Lipovans lies in both countries at about 100,000 people ( in Romania have their ethnic origin specified in the 2002 census 29,774 persons as Lipoveni, here they form the fifth largest national minority in the country ). The Lipovans are Old Believers Orthodox Christians living at the mouth of the Danube and speak a very old version of the Russian language. A few thousands Lipovans live in Bukovina and the region of Moldova.

The Lipovans have left Russia since the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, as there from 1654 at the initiative of Patriarch Nikon was a religious reform, which they oppose as " Old Believers ". The majority fled to the end of the 17th century - that is, even under the reign of Tsar Fyodor III below, Ivan V and Peter I to the prosecution as Raskolniki (of raskol / раскол " schism " ) to escape. , and found refuge in the inaccessible areas of the Danube Delta. First, the Lipovans then settled in Southern Bessarabia, in the transition to the 18th century in the Norddobrudscha to which was at that time under Turkish rule.

In particular, due to the oriented cultural alignment Russia to the rest of Europe policy of Peter I held another flight and expulsion, such as Don Cossacks of Ataman Nekrasov over Kuban fled into the Dobrogea after the suppression of the uprising Bulawiner 1708. From the mid-18th century, the influx of movement Lipovans applicable in the region as completed. The Russian census of 1817 mentioned 1200 lipowanische families in Bessarabia.

Important lipowanische communities along the northern bank of the Danube ( in Budschak ) are: Wylkowe (Russian Wilkowo / Вилково, Ukrainian Вилкове, Romanian Vâlcov ) Kilija (Russian Килия, Ukrainian Кілія, Romanian Chilia Nouă ), Ismail (Russian Ismail / Измаил, Ukrainian Ізмаїл, Ismail Romanian, Turkish İşmasıl or Hacidar ), Novaya Nekrasowka (Romanian Necrasovca Nouă ). The Lipovans live mostly from fishing.

South of the Danube and the Danube Delta ( North Dobrogea ) the Lipovans live mainly in Tulcea (Russian Tultscha / Тулча, Turkish Hora -Tepe or Tolçu ), Alt Kilia (Romanian Chilia Veche ), Mahmudia, Ieroplava, Şfistovca, Letea, Ghindăreşti (Russian Новенькое / Nowenkoje ) Sarichioi (Russian Seriakowo ) Carcaliu (Russian Kamena or Komenka ). Tulcea is with 16,350 inhabitants, is the largest settlement of Lipovans in Romania. In related administrative Kreis is also the Old Believer Monastery Uspenia. Making the Lipovans in this county about eleven percent of the population and are also predominantly fishermen.

The Lipovans who live in the inner parts of the North Dobrogea ( in Slava Slava Rusa and Cercheza, both east of Babadag ), are farmers.

Chance of live Lipovans in the Moldavian region (mainly in Bukovina ) and Pisc, now a suburb of Brăila, formerly a village.

In Romania, a political party of the Lipovans that Comunitatea Rusilor Lipoveni din România ( " Lipovans - Russian community of Romania " ) exists.

Dialect

The dialect of Lipovans is part of the south-western dialect of the Russian language with features of Pskov dialect and loanwords from Turkish, Romanian and Ukrainian. The following deviations from the standard language ( the list is not exhaustive ):

  • [ в ] is before consonants and in final position than [ ў ] pronounced;
  • In initial position [ в ] [ у ] before consonants as pronounced;
  • Some neuter nouns are masculine or feminine in the dialect;
  • Indefinite article один, одна ( according to Romanian model );
  • [ ть ] instead of [ т ] in the third person of verbs ( both Numbers );
  • Perfect and pluperfect (formed with predicative Transgressivformen; eg рыба попавши в сетку; мы выросши вместе );
  • Auxiliary verb иметь ( мать ) instead быть;
  • Indefinite pronouns on - сь, eg хтось, шось, какаясь, кудысь;
  • Negation form нема;
  • Conjunctions бо, чи;
  • Special predicative constructions with passive participles;
  • Many loanwords from the Pskov dialect.
Budjak Government reform of Peter the Great Kuban River Kiliya, Ukraine
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