Load securing

Load securing referred securing loads ( cargo ) in road, rail, air and ship traffic to the physical movement occurring during transport forces and applies the transportation safety. These forces occur, for example in road transport when accelerating backwards, horizontally, when braking in driving direction ( inertial mass), when driving through curves to the sides ( vs. centrifugal force. Centripetal force ) and on uneven roads ( gravitation). Terrible or misplaced and missing cargo securing often leads to a charge transfer.

Legal basis (using the example of road transportation in Germany )

The § 22 of the Road Traffic Regulations ( Highway Code ) requires that load must be packed and secured so is that they do not slip even under full braking or sudden evasive movement, fall down, back and roll it, fall down or generate avoidable noise. The accepted rules of technology are (such as VDI guidelines 2700 ff) to be observed.

The responsibility of securing loads is the driver, holder and the shipper. Violations can ( general traffic control or traffic accident with property damage ) with fines in the amount of 50 to 150 euro and 1 to 3 points will be punished in the traffic register in the offense. A criminal offense (eg traffic accidents involving personal injury ) shall be punishable by fine or imprisonment.

The VDI guideline series VDI 2700 " Securing of loads on road vehicles " for many years, is recognized as a foundational work of securing loads. In it describes the forces acting on a charge while driving and how charge can be generally secured on road vehicles.

The guidelines are used for surveillance by the traffic police, but includes disputes in court.

Types of cargo securing

We distinguish two fundamentally different types of cargo securing:

• The non-positive load securing and
• The positive load securing.

These two load securing types can be combined.

Frictional load securing

The frictional load security is guaranteed by lashing. Here, the charge is compressed, for example by lashing the cargo area, thereby increasing the frictional force, which ultimately prevents slippage of the cargo. This effect is reinforced by the use of friction- documentation ( " mats "), which are placed under the charge. Of crucial importance here is the coefficient of sliding friction. When using friction- these documents must protrude laterally under the charge and clearly visible and thus be verifiable. If this is not the case with checks by the traffic authorities, it is assumed that there are no documents under the charge are, what, if anything, the prohibition of further driving up to an arranged Supplemental Collateral may result.

The calculation of the required backup takes into account the load weight, the vertical lashing of lashing used, the coefficient of sliding friction, the acceleration factor and the transfer factor.

In order to produce force closure are to be used regardless of the calculation of at least two securing means. In the pure frictional securing loads without form-fit clamping means are high STF value ( long lever ratchet ) is required to apply the required prestressing force.

Form-fit load-securing

In the positive load securing the cargo is secured either by flush, seamless loading, or by means of oblique or diagonal lashing and head or Buchtlaschung. A sole charge fuse form fit readily lashing is only permitted when the vehicle body has a corresponding stability to absorb the forces occurring. According to VDI 2700 80 % of the load weight must be secured to the front. Here, the front wall of the vehicle body is of particular importance, but also the side walls of the structure must not be disregarded in the positive load securing. A simple sliding tarpaulin without additional stable board walls, as in the so-called tautliners or Curtainsider usual, this is not enough.

Complete stowage

Prerequisite for a complete stowage is first and foremost a stable vehicle structure. The structural strength of trucks and trailers, is prescribed in Europe. So need to EN 12642 Code L

• The end walls: 40% of the payload, a maximum of 5000 daN
• The rear walls 25% of the payload, maximum 3100 daN
• The side walls: 30% of the payload endure.

In need reinforced structure according to the EN 12642 Code XL

• The end wall 50% of the payload
• The rear wall 30% of the payload
• The side wall to withstand 40 % of the payload.

Test certificates of the forces to be accompanied. It is also for each individual case, for which states of charge and can be downloaded under what conditions and must.

Securing means

For cargo securing the following different lashing and tools can be used: pallets, Lashing, Lashing steel wire ropes, lashing chains, anti-slip mats, non-slip woods, wedges, edge protection, cargo nets, anchor channels in connection with loading and locking bars, lashing rails and other lashing, dunnage or dunnage.

In Germany used to secure cargo lashing ( " tension straps " ) must be identified, both at the loose end ( the belt itself ), and at the fixed end ( with belt tensioner / clutch). In general, such a designation by a Aufnähers or sewn labels takes place are where the data is of the belt printed. Here are the details of SHF ( standard hand force = normal hand force), STF ( Standard Tension Force = normal preload force ) and LC ( Lashing Capacity = acceptable force ) to find, even the manufacturer, year of manufacture, the materials used and some more data. The color of the label, this phenomenon also includes information on the material from which the lashing strap is made. Blue stands for polyester (PES ), brown for polypropylene (PP ), green for polyamide (PA ) and white for other materials. The printed thereon values ​​also serve the transport authorities as well as customs and BAG on controls to calculate the frictional forces reached.

We speak with lashings of rope discard if they can no longer be used. This is the case when the label is missing or illegible, the belt yarn breaks or cuts which the belt is knotted, bearing seams are damaged or the strap through exposure to aggressive substances is unusable. Even at a deformation of the clamping or connecting elements of the lashing must be discarded and need to be replaced. Since lashings are stretchy due to the material characteristics to a certain degree, it may be necessary for longer trips, retighten the straps go.

In the heavy load range instead of lashing lashing are used especially in standing charge often not zurrbare charge must be filled in four positively located euro pallets.

Calculation of Vorspankraft Fv or Stf when lashing.

Fv = (F- μ ) / μ * Fg / 1.5, for example, Fv = (0,8-0,2) / 0.2 * 2000/1, 5 = 4000

Assessments of the cargo and transportation security

The sender is according to § 412 I 1 HGB to the material to be loaded safely transport and stow and secure as well as to discharge, if it appears from the circumstances or the prevailing practice otherwise. The carrier may only participate with the reliable loading on public roads. The loading is to be considered safe for transportation when the cargo was stowed and secured, for example, in the truck on the loading area, that it is not damaged by other influences eg the road. The cargo must be secured especially against all possibilities in terms of the contract union course of transportation.

The case law of some requirements have been elaborated in the charge and transport safety:

• The load shall be a third party caused by emergency braking withstand (OLG Dusseldorf, judgment of 2 April 1984 AZ: 1 U 116/83 )
• Loads must be adequately secured against centrifugal force in curves (OLG Hamburg, judgment of 15 February 1990 AZ: 6 U 240/89; OLG Dusseldorf, judgment of 21 April 1994, AZ: 18 U 53 /93)
• Heavy goods must wedged and lashed because of the risk of slipping in crates on the loading platforms of trucks are (OLG Hamm, judgment of 31 March 1980, AZ: 18 U 34/78 )
• The estate has against the usual transport, but are not protected against accidents ( Cologne Higher Regional Court, judgment of 23 September 1997, AZ: 22 U 93/97 )
• The steel coils must be securely strapped in place not only on a special iron plate, but must also be secured to prevent slipping on the loading platform of the truck (OLG Dusseldorf, judgment of 21 April 1994, AZ: 18 U 53 /93)
• The cabinets must be adequately secured to prevent slipping and road impacts triggered vertical forces (OLG Hamburg, judgment of 18 December 1986, AZ: 6 U 36/86 )
• On the required fastening must not be omitted, for example, the carrier the necessary fixing material ( elastic straps ) not carries (LG casting, judgment of 20 November 2002, AZ: 1 S 233/ 02)

No distinction for private or commercial

Due to the fact that many policies and regulations from the transport, industrial originate, might give the impression that this strengeln arrangements for securing the load might not be true for private transport. However, this is definitely wrong! All rules apply without exception to private transport in the car, car trailer or rented truck. Increasingly, private car trailer when leaving eg Hardware stores checked for proper load securing and often also imposed heavy fines. Here, even the staff of the construction market is made with responsible if the contributory negligence (eg during loading and overloading with forklift) can be demonstrated. The operator of home improvement stores are indirectly now stopped on the joint liability of the planners to note exact weight stated on the delivery documentation for the private motorist can recognize quickly and safely if he still moves within the permissible payload of a vehicle or trailer.

History of cargo securing

The history of the cargo securing was and is always a hot topic in the general commercial haulage. Until 1990, it was, however, little treated as a subject in professional driver training. The media were only attentive, if a serious traffic accident happened because clearly inadequate load securing.

In 1999, the cargo securing public was treated in the July issue of professional drivers Newspaper for the first time. There have been reports of friction, the various lashings and the resilience of commercial vehicle bodies and expressed the desire that everyone should learn BKF securing the load. A year later there was due to the positive response of the article more technical articles for securing the load, with the theme of law, physics, vehicle bodies, lashing equipment, types of cargo securing and its calculation were discussed in detail. Due to the series of articles in the professional driver newspaper in 2001 there were the impetus to examine the subject, and in July, a technical committee was a 300 -page book " cargo securing" - The Guide to Practice - bring out.

Another success was recognized in 2002 when the VDI guideline VDI 2700a " cargo securing training certificate " came into force as. It had to be provided to 45 minutes a training certificate of 16 lessons. The European standards EN 12195-2 " lashing " EN 12195-3 " lashing " and EN 12642 " structure of commercial vehicles " were introduced.

At the 59th IAA was www.ladungssicherung.de presented as homepage Koegel and brought his " LaSi check " booklet out. The following year, " cargo securing" a 80-page magazine " LaSi info" and a 36 - page special booklet " LaSi -Tip" was in addition to the journal brought out. There were explained on the basis of real accidents Examples of defective cargo securing. Were treated in LaSi info: crane parts, concrete parts, beverages, rolled sheets, palletised loads, Tracked Excavators, steel cargoes and the wrong load balancing.

Genuine accidents continued by incorrect charging fuse series, as pent-up demand was available and the series was well received: In a series of articles that was 2004 in LaSi info. Here is the description of the accident and the analysis of the cause of the accident was considered. There were also investigated rolling and settling tank, palletized stones, paper rolls and paper format, timber packs, as well as charges in vans. The European standards: EN 12195-1 "Calculations of lashing forces " EN 12195-4 " Lashing steel wire ropes " and the national DIN 75410-3 " securing cargo in van " were provision. In addition, the brochure "Transporter -INFO " was published. For quick reference compact appeared for the driver everyday the 100-page booklet: " LaSi Guide", which contained the most important addresses and phone numbers for cargo securing. A year later dealt one in the LaSi information with the use of lashings, locking bars and locking bars in the vehicle structure and their wide range of applications. The booklet contained many examples and images to be daily practice needs.

In 2006, there were new VDI guideline VDI 2700 Bl.3.1 " Instruction manual for lashings ", VDI 2700 Bl 3.2 " devices and aids for securing loads ", VDI 2700 Bl 6 " mixed loading of cargo ", VDI 2700 Bl 9 " securing of hard paperrolls " and VDI 2700 Bl 11 " securing of reinforcing parts ". The LaSi info discussed in detail and hands-on with the Securing of hard wound paper rolls, many images have been shown in particular with the " anti-slip mats " as an important additional tool. The next year was marked by the vehicle body, because there was a revised European standard EN 12642 " structure of commercial vehicles ", which was in addition to the certificate "Code XL". The book: "Load securing " gets in the 6th edition of the latest regulations.

In 2008, the cargo securing in the LaSi info has now diversified and all of Europe was included. The brochure "Transporter - INFO" received a new edition with 130 pages and Directive VDI 2700 Bl 16 " cargo securing in transporters up to 7.5 t perm " was presented in detail. The year 2009 was another year of the new guidelines and standards. Were put in place: VDI 2700 Bl 8.1 " Securing of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles on car carriers ", VDI 2700 Bl 12 " Securing of beverage products," VDI 2700 Bl 15 " Rutschhemende materials ", VDI 2700 Bl 16 " Securing of loads vans up to 7.5 t perm "and VDI 2700 Bl 17 " securing of skips on skip loader and their trailers ". The load safety matters have been added training component when professional drivers (BKF ) and the Professional Driver Qualification Act ( BKrFQG ).

In January 2011, VDI 2700 Bl was 19 " Securing of loads on road vehicles - Rolled steel strip, sheet and structural steel ." published.