Masonry

Masonry is a gefügtes from natural or artificial stones component or building as masonry. Due to its specific techniques and materials and the masonry of other construction techniques, such as the timber, the reinforced concrete or steel construction delimits. The masonry comprises individual pressure-resistant elements ( natural or artificial stones) which are connected to each other with or without mortar in a masonry dressing. Under a masonry association is meant certain Verfugungsarten to form from individual stones contiguous walls.

Reinforced concrete structures are not among the masonry structures. A wall is constructed from individual ( natural or artificial ) stones, while the concrete is poured to complete, uniform walls. Nevertheless, the masonry is also within the concrete construction use by writing - is used to close the gaps in the supporting structure and to reinforce this - possibly in combination with timber construction.

Walls that are built by the masonry, do not reach as high strength and load-bearing effect as reinforced concrete walls. Since reinforced concrete walls usually take more than two days of work to complete, walls made ​​of bricks as faster and cheaper alternative to the Bauherschaft are popular.

The masonry trained and active builders is the mason.

• 2.2.1 brickwork
• 2.2.2 brickwork
• 2.2.3 Blähtonmauerwerk

• 3.1 mixed masonry
• 3.2 mortar masonry
• 3.3 dry masonry
• 3.4 Einstein masonry
• 3.5 Association of masonry

• 4.1 exposed brickwork
• 4.2 Brickwork
• 4.3 Situated Instant masonry

• 5.1 Non -structural masonry
• 5.2 -supporting masonry

Classification

The types of masonry are named after different aspects:

• On the used stones: Dry stone masonry, stone masonry, brick masonry
• According to the type of material for grouting: dry masonry, mortar, masonry, homogeneous and inhomogeneous masonry
• Of the visibility: visible brickwork, Brickwork
• According to the static function: bearing or non-load bearing masonry

Masonry consists of individual stones that are stacked. There are used different types of stones:

• Artificial stones: bricks
• Manufactured stone masonry units
• Expanded clay bricks
• Hollow blocks
• Perforated brick
• Calcium silicate bricks
• Clinker
• Aerated concrete bricks.

• Natural stones: Sedimentary rocks such as limestone or sandstone
• Plutonic rocks such as granite

In addition, for certain types of masonry nor the mortar to fill the joints between the stones. This connects the stones positively and ensures better stability of the masonry. For height compensation Kimmsteine ​​be installed.

After stones used

Natural rock

Masonry

As masonry is called a natural stone masonry, the rubble stone - is stacked in association with mortar - often locally occurring natural stones. The rubble will be processed only roughly trimmed or until they have two more or less parallel sides. You will then be supported with mortar, which it is according to DIN 1053-1 is a mixed masonry. This procedure is a very simple way to build a wall. One needs, in contrast to layer masonry not produce artificial stones themselves, but used locally occurring rock fracture. A special form of rubble stone masonry is the cyclopean. For the Staufer period humpback cuboid or the rustication were typical.

To stabilize such walls - particularly on slopes - it is particularly long at regular intervals, large stones, ranging from the front through the entire wall through into the otherworldly slope; these stones are called by binder or binder stones. Some of them may even protrude at the front of the wall and serve as steps for climbing over the wall.

In South Jordan was found in the present town of Basta basement walls of natural stone, which were blocked with lime mortar and dated to about 6000 BC. In the area of the eastern Ore Mountains walls were plastered later with " Zinnwälder Sand" ( and cement), which had a very high strength. Today masonry is seldom used, mainly in gardening and landscaping, as a garden wall or in vineyards.

Sand-lime brick masonry

Masonry, consisting of sand-lime bricks and mortar. Mostly used as a load-bearing masonry. Sand-lime bricks can be used because of their high gross density and high compressive strength class and as good sound insulation and high load carrying capacity for lean partitions.

Field stone masonry

• See also: Two-shell masonry.

For walls in two- shell technique, a very early technology, there is an inner and outer walls, which were built from brick with mortar or installed as a dry stone wall. The outer shell of the larger, inner made ​​of smaller stones is created. The clearance of these about three feet and more thick walls was filled with mortar, unhewn boulders and broken rock from the stone. In many medieval churches, the outer wall shell facing wall, which was not at all or only partially plastered (eg, untreated stone ). The inner shell is plastered in general. To stabilize walls with outer facing wall, a technique using runners and binders was used, ie elongated blocks were alternately "longitudinal" and " transverse" installed. An experienced medieval craftsman built optimally according to empirically derived rules for the most part. The biggest problems are likely to have caused differential settlement of the ground.

Natursteinmauerwerk

Natural stone masonry is masonry which is made of natural stones and mortar, such as sedimentary rocks such B.Kalkstein or sandstone, igneous rocks such as granite and rhyolite or conversion rocks such as marble and gneiss.

Cyclopean

The Cyclopean is a special form of rubble stone masonry of very large, irregular stones, which are carefully stacked. In lagerhaftem material and a more or less rectangular appearance of the visible side of the bricks is called a rubble masonry. In an irregular, polygonal visible surface of a cyclopean. The joint pattern is irregular and without horizontal bed joints. Often there is a built in shell construction wall with an inner filling of stones and clay.

In the late Bronze Age masonry technique was widespread in the eastern Mediterranean, where usually very large stones and no mortar was used. In particular, in Mycenae (Greece ) is to find the cyclopean. And derives its name because Cyclops are giants in Greek mythology, who were brought in later myths with the construction of these buildings in conjunction. Cyclopean walls were built by the Etruscans and other pre-Roman peoples in Italy and in the Hittite area to the 3rd century BC. The Great Wall of China was built according to this design, and you can find this design in Malta, Corsica, in Peru ( the Incas ), in Egypt or on Easter Island.

At today's use of the Zyklopenmauerwerks only unprocessed or very little edited breaking stones are used. In addition, it often is in the stones used to intractable hard stones. The breaking stones are joined together using mortar in a real federation, so remain tight seams and no voids as possible. Any resultant cavities are filled with small stones and mortar. There are no regular layers and the inner strength and the cohesion of the masonry are reduced compared to other masonry techniques.

Artificial stones

Brickwork

Brickwork composed of bricks and mortar. See also Article Masonry Association.

Brickwork

It consists of bricks and mortar, now mostly as a back-up masonry ( ie as a load-bearing wall ) or used as brickwork. See also Article Masonry Association.

Blähtonmauerwerk

Masonry bricks from clay and cement, used as a load-bearing wall. The expanded clay beads are from 150 million years old granulated Lias clay. All biological components burn and thus create small air pockets. The beads with different sizes are mixed with aggregates (sand, water, cement, etc.) and pressed and then have to tie off for several days. Burning of the bricks is not necessary.

After composition

Mixed masonry

A distinction is homogeneous and inhomogeneous brickwork. Homogeneous walls are made of bricks only. Imhomogenes masonry, about the Middle Ages and the early modern period, consists of two pre- brick shells and a core interposed therebetween. This consists of (sometimes inferior ) bricks, broken bricks and sometimes boulders. The shells are mostly brick in the Gothic Association and connected only by a few ties with the core. Because of the low binding of the shell can therefore be detached from the core. The reason for this design was the immature burning process, which yielded a few good and many bad burnt bricks. The good qualities therefore had to be concentrated on the outside. The corners were always together in the medieval masonry of whole ( uncut ) stones, the compensation to the usual coverage to 1/4 brick length was within the association.

Mortar masonry

Composite material made of bricks and mortar joints: inaccuracies in the measurements of the individual bricks can be offset by the mortar joints. Thus, a rapid manufacturing and an accurate result can be achieved. Masonry mortar is plastically deformable than dry masonry. In addition, can only produce so airtight masonry walls.

Dry masonry

Dry masonry is masonry, which is assembled from natural stone without the use of mortar.

Einstein masonry

With the development of larger stone sizes Einstein masonry masonry commonly used in new construction. The wall thickness corresponds to the thickness of stone. The bricks are put in the association. The Überbindemaß (according to DIN -1053 -1: at least 0.4 times the block height ) must be complied with only in length of the wall here.

Association of masonry

In contrast to Einstein brickwork is the association masonry of two or more rows of stones that are placed side by side. A classic example is the 30 cm thick wall. Bricks in the formats 2 DF (thickness = 11.5 cm ) and 3 DF (thickness = 17.5 cm) are offset from each other alternating with 1 cm Schalenfuge. The Überbindemaß is observed here both in longitudinal wall and wall transverse direction. Due to the high cost of this type Mauerwerksart in the new building is no longer to find and has only in the area of rehabilitation and Brickwork (eg terrace walls ) its application. The Überbindemaß (according to DIN -1053 -1: at least 0.4 times the block height ) must be adhered to both in length of the wall and in wall transverse direction.

By Visibility

Exposed masonry

When exposed brickwork is called masonry that is not plaster or paneling and in the finished building is outside or inside permanently. In modern exterior wall structures can be exposed brickwork realized only by a two -shell structure with a facing made of brickwork, otherwise no sufficient insulation effect can be achieved.

Brickwork

As Brickwork masonry is known that especially has a decorative function as the outermost layer of masonry construction. It also has a protective function against driving rain.

In the past, the brickwork was the extreme, sizable layer of of monolithic masonry. Today brickwork is used as a facing layer of a multilayer wall structure and usually has no load-bearing function. Done correctly, this is a long term easy care solution for facades. This brickwork shall consist of frost- resistant bricks ( facings ). Therefore usually clinker bricks or be used.

Situated Instant masonry

As set Instant masonry is called in archeology vertical or slightly inclined inwards parts of constructive masonry of cultural monuments, specifically the located above the foundations, the visible part.

After static function

Non load-bearing masonry

Non- load-bearing walls to accept responsibility for bearing brickwork will not report loads of other components, but only takes up loads that act directly on the masonry, such as wind loads from the device or the like and its own weight. It is used as non-structural Integrity, as Ausfachungsmauerwerk between supports, or as brickwork. When creating walls as non- load-bearing walls is to make sure that no unscheduled loads cause damage to the wall. Thus, the gap between non-load bearing partition wall and ceiling with an elastic material ( eg mineral wool ) or - as late as possible - be filled with mortar.

Bearing masonry

Supporting masonry shall schedule loads from the overlying component (ceiling, roof) and from its own weight. The load-bearing masonry is used (wind, stability, etc. ) and for building stiffening usually. Creating or modifying bearing brickwork must be demonstrated usually by a static calculation. The load carrying capacity of masonry is determined by the strength of the stone and the quality of the mortar. Since the joint between stone and mortar has low tensile bond strength, the stones must be bricked in masonry association.

Standardize

In Germany, inter alia, the following standards must be observed:

• VOB / C DIN 18330 ATV masonry work
• DIN 1053-1 - Masonry; Design and construction

This standard provides, and others two calculation methods ( simplified and accurate method ) for the analysis and design with " working loads " and a maximum voltages.

• DIN 1053-100 - Masonry; Calculation based on the semiprobabilistischen safety concept. Again, there are two 1053-1 method as in the older DIN. The formulas contained in DIN 1053-1 were converted to the semiprobabilistische concept. The proof of stability is performed while under design loads (gamma times the loads). This is expected to place the linear voltage profile in cross-section with a rectangular voltage block.

The exact procedure is performed taking into account the component stiffness of walls and ceilings, bringing a corresponding computational effort.