Mawlid
Mawlid an-Nabi (Arabic مولد النبي, Birth of the Prophet ') is an Islamic festival in honor of the prophet Mohammed. It is celebrated al - Auwal the Islamic calendar on the 12th day of the month Rabī ʿ. In several Islamic countries, including Indonesia and Malaysia, the day is national holiday. In Indonesia, this day of celebration is also called maulud or Mulud ( from Arabic. Maulūd ).
Origin and spread of resistant
In contrast to the sacrificial feast and the feast of breaking the fast the Nativity of the Prophet was only established in nachprophetischer time. The celebration of the Prophet's birthday was introduced for the first time in the 11th century at the court of the Shiite Fatimids, and there were a means to emphasize the origin of the dynasty of the Prophet. The Caliph has played a central role in the festivities; it took place in public sermons and Koranic readings. According to a report by the historian Ibn Tuwair a preacher delivered a sermon, at the end he said: " And this is the day on which he was born to fulfill its mission with which God the community of Islam ( Millat al - Islām ) has blessed. "
In the 12th and 13th centuries the custom was adopted by several Sunni rulers. The first Sunni ruler who officially celebrated the feast of Zengide Nūr ad - Dīn was (reigned 1146-1176 ). In the 1170s and ʿ Umar al - Malla ʾ began a private citizen in Mosul, who was acquainted with Nur ad -Din, align Mawlid celebrations. Some twenty years later, the festival was also celebrated in Mecca, as seen from the travelogue of Ibn Jubayr. Particular attention attracted the magnificent Mawlid celebrations, which sent a message to his residence in Arbil early 13th century, the Begteginiden ruler Muzaffar ad -Din Gökböri. They were accompanied by Sufi sama ʿ concerts and banquets.
A North African scholar, Abū l - ʿ Abbās al - ʿ Azafī, summed up in this time from a script in which he praised the mawlid festival as a means of ideological defense of Christianity and strengthening the unity of the Muslims. Celebrated in 1236 for the first time in Ceuta, this feast spread in the aftermath over the entire Maghreb. Especially among the Marinids the mawlid festival was maintained. The ruler of Abu Inan Faris merinidische made regularly throughout the country host large banquets in the night of the Prophet 's birthday.
On Java, the Nativity of the Prophet is attested since the 16th century. The Javanese princely courts celebrated it with great pomp, in fact even at a time when Islam first established there.
Expiration
Feasts
Mawlid celebrations almost always include an elaborate feasts, which usually also arms are invited. According to a contemporary witness, quoted by the Syrian scholar Sibt ibn al - Jawzi (d. 1257 ), the Muzaffar ad -Din Gökböri 5,000 roasted sheep, 10,000 chickens, 100,000 Schüseln with Zabdīya and 30,000 plates were incubated at a Mawlid Banquet, hosted, with sweets served. Similarly lush was a banquet, which gave 1383 Mamluk Sultan az- Zahir Barquq in Cairo. Spending on food, beverages, incense, robes of honor and Koranrezitatoren, amounted to 10,000 gold mithqáls. A basic idea in these feasts was it that you wanted to thank God in this way that he created the Prophet Mohammed and has sent to the people. ʿ Alī al - scholars like Qari (d. 1606 ), who possessed themselves do not have sufficient financial resources to align a mawlid banquet, written Mawlid fonts to thank God in this way for the experienced favor. In Java, the feasts on the occasion birthday of the Prophet are called muludan.
Lecture by prophets stories
Another element of the Mawlid celebrations is the presentation of stories that tell of Muhammad's birth and life. Among the most famous of these stories the work Iqd ʿ al - ǧawāhir ( "Jewel Collar " ) is one of the Dascha ʿ far al - Barzandschī ( 1690-1765 ), which is famous in Egypt, Nigeria, East Africa and South and Southeast Asia popularity. In Turkey, however, the Turkish Masnawī Vesīletü n - neǧāt ( " means of salvation " ) of Süleyman Çelebi (d. 1422 ) of greater importance.
From the text Iqd ʿ al - ǧawāhir, which is also known only by the name Mawlid al - Barzandschī, there are two versions, one in prose, the other in verse. Also there are many comments and interlinear translations. Overall, the work is divided into 19 sections. The first ten sections cover the miraculous apparitions in Muhammad's birth as well as stories from his youth, the 12th section deals with his first revelations, in the 13th it comes to his first followers, the 14th, the Ascension of Muhammad is described, in the 17th will be his personal qualities and his physical beauty turned out, the final section contains 19 songs of praise and prayer formulas. In Indonesia, the plant in the 1970s was also listed choreography on various stages, today also are a number of films of recitations of the Mawlid al - Barzandschī to find on the internet.
The recitation of the mawlid texts as a whole is attributed a healing effect. An integral part of this recitation rituals is the common pronunciation of blessings for the Prophet at certain points in the text. Once in the recitation of these texts Mohammed birth was mentioned, it was customary to get up. This standing ( Qiyam ) at the mention of Muhammad's birth was even stated in the 16th century on the territory of the Ottoman Empire for duty. The Ottoman jurist Abū s -Su ʿ ūd (d. 1574 ) ruled in a legal opinion that for those who do not revolts on the occasion, it is suspected that they were unbelievers.
Speeches
On Mawlid - day official speeches are often held in the Islamic countries, where the role of Islam for the national and international development is emphasized. For example, at the year - Mawlid Day held in 1962 (August 11 ) Habib Bourguiba in the main mosque of Qairawan a speech about the fact that Islam is not an obstacle to progress. The Indonesian President Suharto, who often held Mawlid - speeches in the 1970s, pointed out that the serious religious observance beliefs is a prerequisite for spiritual maturation of a developing country such as Indonesia. And in 2006 held Moammar Gadhafi on Mawlid - day a speech in Timbuktu, in which he himself as a " leader of the Global Islamic People's commands" (Qa ʾ id al - Qiyāda aš - Ša ʿ Biya al - Islamiya al - ʿ Ālamīya ) presented. Even in schools and universities as well as the seats of Islamic organizations speeches are usually held.
Fairs and parades
In the city of Yogyakarta on Java the Mawlid - day is preceded by a whole festival week with parades, musical performances and talks by prophets stories. During this period shall apply to the northern forecourt of the Kraton place one year market, the Sekaten is called. On the first day of the Festival Week Two brought as sacred force gamelan orchestra from the Kraton in the outer courtyard of the Great Mosque, which play the whole week there. On the eve of Mawlid - day they are carried back by 23 clock solemnly in the sultan's palace and would then not be played until the next Sekaten week.
At the prophets birthday itself in Yogyakarta and Surakarta called Garebeg - Maulud rituals are held. Here, the so-called "food mountains " ( gunungan ) be solemnly transferred in procession from the courtyard of the palace to the courtyard of the Great Mosque. During the fashion shows numerous salutes are fired. Once the food mountains have reached their goal, the crowd parts of the food tries to get hold of as these as well as the gamelan orchestra, are considered to be carriers of blessing power. The official part of the festival is the evening ended with a wayang performance.
Modern Mawlid - criticism
Since the 18th century there are several currents of Sunni Islam, which contest the admissibility of Mawlid celebrations and as a violation of the principle that fees alone to worship God, reject them. These include in particular the Wahhabis. When they conquered Mecca in 1803, they banned there the Mawlid gatherings.
In addition came from the late 19th century, the custom of getting up at the Mawlid in an increasing number of scholars to criticism, and his own texts have been written on this issue. In Southeast Asia, the rejection of the Mawlid - getting up ( berdiri mawlid ) was hallmark of reform-oriented Hardly Muda, which were based on the ideas of Muhammad Abduh Salafi and Rashid Rida.
In Saudi Arabia, where the Wahhabi doctrine is supported by government, the Mawlid celebrations were declared several times in the 20th century in legal opinion inadmissible. Even with the Ahl -i hadith and the Deobandi Mawlid celebrations are considered as unlawful innovation (bid ʿ a). Opponents of the Mawlid an-Nabi argue, among other things, that it was an imitation of the Christian Christmas. Other Muslims say Muhammad himself and his companions would have been particularly celebrated his birthday, but with fasting, not to treat.
Other Mawlid - celebrations
In Egypt also the birthdays of various Islamic saints are celebrated next to the prophets birthday, so for example, from al -Husayn ibn ʿ Alī and Ahmad al - Badawi. These festivals are also considered Mawlid (or in the Egyptian vernacular Mulid ) refers.