Myristicaceae

Muskatnussbaum ( Myristica fragrans ) with cases of cracked fruit.

The nutmeg plants ( Myristicaceae ) are a family of plants in the order of the magnolia -like ( Magnoliales ). It includes about 18 to 21 genera with about 475-500 species. The best known representative of this family is the nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans ). In addition to this herb, there are also species that provide raw materials for the perfume industry.

  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The types of nutmeg plants grow as an evergreen, woody plants: almost always trees or rarely lianas. Only some Virola species are deciduous. The wood is reddish. You have Siebröhrenplastiden S type. The plants contain colored, mostly red juice around especially in the cortex or to the heartwood. All parts of the plant contain essential oils. The terminal buds are usually long.

The alternate and spirally arranged or distichous mostly leaves are petiolate, simple and leathery. The leaf blade is pinnately. The lower leaf surface is often bluish. The leaf margin is smooth. The petioles are usually short. Stipules absent.

Generative features

Nutmeg plants are rarely monoecious ( monoecious ) or mostly dioecious ( dioecious ) getrenntgeschlechtig. The flowers are very differently constructed in inflorescences ( cymes, winding, grapes or heads ) with bracts. The small, unisexual, usually threefold flowers are built up spirally, so do not whorled, yet more or less radial symmetry. They usually have only three (two to five) intergrown bloom. The male flowers seldom contain two, usually three to 30 fertile stamens, but no rudiments of a gynoecium. The stamens are fused into a tube or a discus. The tetrasporangiat anthers are fused to the staminal tube to a ring or free. Only a constant upper carpel is present with only one ovule, but no rudiments of an androecium per female flower.

The usually very large fruit is fleshy to fleshy not (if not then it is fleshy leathery ) and one seed; it opens usually with two flaps. The large seeds have a fleshy, often highly colored aril, which is also used in the nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans ). The endosperm contains mostly a lot of oil. The well-differentiated embryo is very small. It also forms two seed leaves ( cotyledons ) that are sometimes fused at their base.

Dissemination and development history

The distribution of the family is pantropical. South America and Africa are centers of biodiversity. Most species occur in lowland rainforest.

Myristicacarpum chandlerae is the earliest fossil find of a seed from the family of Myristicaceae. The finding comes from the Early Eocene of London Clay flora of southern England, he was so found in clay deposits. The origin of the family is suspected in the northwestern Gondwana continent. Although the earliest evidence ( fossils and pollen) are about 21 to 15 million years old, but the elimination of the related taxa of Magnoliales was well before 84-57 million years ago. The most primitive extant taxa occur today in Madagascar ( Brochoneura, Mauloutchia ).

System

The Myristicaceae family was erected in 1810 by Robert Brown in Prodromus Novae Florae Hollandiae, p 399. Type genus Myristica is Gronov.

In the family of nutmeg plants ( Myristicaceae ), there are 18 to 21 genera and 475-500 species:

  • Bicuiba W. J. de Wilde: With only one way in Brazil: Bicuiba oleifera (Schott) W. J. de Wilde
  • Cephalosphaera usambarensis ( Warb. ) Warblers.
  • Doyleanthus arillata Capuron ex Sauquet
  • Haematodendron glabrum Capuron
  • Osteophloeum platyspermum ( Spruce ex A. DC. ) Warblers.
  • Paramyristica sepicana ( Foreman ) W. J. de Wilde
  • Pycnanthus angolensis ( Welw. ) Warblers, home. Angola
  • Virola Aubl. With 60 species in tropical America, including for example: Talgmuskatnussbaum ( Virola sebifera Aubl. ); Home: Central and South America
  • Virola surinamensis Warblers. ; Home: northern South America

Swell

  • The Myristicaceae in APWebsite family. (Section Description and systematics)
  • Description of the family of Myristicaceae at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • Hervé Sauquet: Systematic revision of Myristicaceae ( Magnoliales ) in Madagascar, with four new species of Mauloutchia. in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 2004, pp. 351-368.
  • Hervé Sauquet: Myristicaceae I: SM Goodman, JP Benstead, eds. , The Natural History of Madagascar, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2003, pp. 319-321.
  • Hervé Sauquet: androecium diversity and evolution in Myristicaceae ( Magnoliales ), with a description of a new Malagasy genus, Doyleanthus Gen. nov, in American Journal of Botany, 90, 2003, pp. 1293-1305. .
  • Hervé Sauquet, JA Doyle, T. Scharaschkin, T. Borsch, KW Hilu, LW Chatrou & A. Le Thomas: Phylogenetic analysis of Magnoliales and Myristicaceae based on multiple data sets. Implications for character evolution in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 142, 2003, pp. 125-186.
  • Hervé Sauquet & A. Le Thomas: Pollen diversity and evolution in Myristicaceae ( Magnoliales ), in the International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, 2003, pp. 613-628. .
  • James A. Doyle, Hervé Sauquet, T. Scharaschkin & A. Le Thomas: Phylogeny, molecular and fossil dating, and biogeographic history of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae ( Magnoliales ). in International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165 Supplement, 2004, pp. 55-67.
  • Bingtao Li & Thomas K. Wilson: Myristicaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 7, page 96: Online.
  • Bernard Verdcourt: Myristicaceae, RM Polhill: Flora of Tropical East Africa, Royal Botanic Gardens, 1997, 11 pages.
  • Leslie Watson: Myristicaceae in the Western Australian Flora: Online, 2008.
  • David John Mabberley: The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press 1987. ISBN 0-521-34060-8
  • Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
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