Negative liberty
Negative freedom referred to as " free of " is generally the absence of the external and internal pressures. This is distinguished from the positive freedom, which is understood as " freedom to". Negative and positive freedom can refer both to will as well as on freedom of action.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz differs in the freedom of action between liberté de droit as freedom from coercion by the Free differs from the slaves, and liberté de fait as a positive freedom, by which the patient is different from the healthy subjects.
Jean -Jacques Rousseau defined freedom as the absence of a negative first instinctive Remember Adds One of man in nature.
Explicitly Immanuel Kant distinguishes between negative and positive freedom (understood as free will ). For Kant, freedom is first transcendental freedom as spontaneity, which he referred to the power of man, " to begin a state of self " or to be able to make a start. The transcendental freedom is an idea and thus conceptually negative, that is we can this freedom be either intentionally or close out of the experience for them. On the transcendental freedom is based the practical concept of freedom, which is only determined once by Kant negatively as " independence of arbitrariness by the drives of sensuality ." The negative freedom is the condition for the positive freedom as the capacity of reason to give itself its laws. The assets of the people to be able to determine regardless of his inclinations and impulses, allowing him to moral self-determination ( autonomy). Kant's political concept of freedom based on this determination autonomy: Legal freedom is " the power to obey no external laws, as to which I have my approbation can give ."
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling criticizes the theories of freedom, who want to determine human freedom through independence from nature, and returns as if the question of direction by a God he also asks for the freedom of man, which the predicate of omnipotence is awarded: " The defenders of freedom usually think only interested in showing the independence of man from nature, which is of course slightly. But his inner independence from God, his freedom in relation to God give them rest, because Diess up is the hardest " The specifically human freedom is defined by Schelling by a double negative freedom. :
" Thus, then, that man between [ ... ] is the nature and [ ... ] God in the center, he is free from both. He is free from God in that it has an independent root in nature, free from the natural fact that the Divine is awakened in him [ ... ] "
Positive freedom is for Schelling religiosity that he understands etymologically from bondage ago and morality opposes " religiosity " is the " highest firmly committed to the rights, without any choice." For Schelling freedom is primarily free will.
Martin Heidegger mentions in his lecture on Schelling's Philosophical Investigations into the nature of human freedom five concepts of freedom. He determined there negative freedom as " Unbound for freedom, of" positive freedom " as Sichbinden to, determinationis libertas, freedom to".
According to Isaiah Berlin, negative liberty is in contrast to positive freedom is a state of freedom, in which impede or prevent any emissions from other people constraints behavior. The equivalent referred to by Isaiah Berlin, a state of freedom, in which the possibility of passive freedom can actually be used, or go even further considers a state in which the option is actually used.
An example of negative freedom is when someone may express his opinion freely without the appropriate person from another is prevented by censorship, for example.
Positive freedom would mean, for example, that the means of communication and access to media are available to exercise free expression, or after further considers that the particular opinion is actually expressed.