Ol Chiki alphabet
( Learn [ ɔl CEMET ] Write ) Ol Chiki ( [ ɔl ciki ] write symbol, handwriting ), sometimes Chemet Ol ' called, is a font that is used to write the languages spoken in India Munda Santali language. The font is clockwise.
While all the other indigenous Indian scriptures dating back to the Brahmi script, Ol Chiki is not part of Indian writing circle.
History
Conventionally, Munda languages are written with the writings of the neighboring Indo-Aryan languages Hindi, Bengali and Oriya or introduced by Christian missionaries, the Roman script. In the first half of the 20th century by Pandit Raghunath Murmu ( 1905-1982 ) was specially created the new font Ol Chiki for Santali. It should be also suitable for other Munda. Early attempts the emergence of this writing on divine action was due. On the Home Page of the Santals one reads: "The epoch-making invention of Ol Chiki script was unveiled in 1925. In the novel, Bidu Chandan he ( ie Murmu ) described vividly how the God and the Goddess Bidu Chandan appeared on earth as human beings and the natural way the Ol Chiki script invented to each other in Santali -written to communicate can. "
There are some Santali Ol Chiki in newspapers. Using this font is used by the Santals highly touted (see the website ). The governments of the states of Orissa and Bengal have already accepted Ol Chiki. The writing is still not become official writing medium. Given the fact that Santali is now an official language, as can be expected, however.
Typological classification
An important characteristic of Ol Chiki is that in contrast to the Brahmi script and its descendants all vowels are fully written. This means that as described in European writings consonants and vowels in any position graphically gleichranging. Ol Chiki is therefore a true alphabet. It gives the Phonembestand of Santali largely, but not completely back. There are missing characters for some vowels and for the synchronous phonemic aspirated plosives; instead there is a diacritic for aspiration.
A special feature are the two diacritics to open and close a juncture dar.
Name and form of the characters
The shape of the characters, there was apparently no role models.
At most, the two vowels [ ɔ ] and [ a] godfather could Bengali ( অ আ ) or the Devanagari script ( अ आ ) have stood.
All letters are highly stylized representations of objects and events from the environment of the Santals.
It such objects were selected which are each Santal familiar, and monosyllabic to their designation in Santali, serve one or two lutes existing words.
These are also the names of the letters.
The names of the vowels consist of only one vowel;
the associated character stands for this sound.
The names of the consonants consist of vowel consonant, the sign of these consonants ( cf. German "ef" for
The columns of the table below show successively the character, the description of the shape, the volume value in the usual Latin spelling and in IPA transcription, the name of the character, the pronunciation of the name in Latin script and in IPA transcription and the meaning of the name, as far as they could be determined.
Alphabetical arrangement
Probably inspired by the one used in all other Indian alphabets two-dimensional array of characters one has chosen the following representation:
When choosing this arrangement apparently was the easy memorization of the order by the names of letters in the foreground. So in the rows are each characters whose name begins with the same vowel, one after another, such as 1st line: ɔ - ɔt - ɔk̚ - ɔŋ - ɔl. A phonetic grouped by places of articulation and species, which is a significant achievement of the other Indian alphabets, in contrast, was obviously aware regarded as secondary. After all, the first column contains the vowels, the second column louder unvoiced consonants, the third column most of voiced plosives with their voiceless, " glottalized " allophones (if any), the fourth column [ w] 5 Nasal and a nasa profiled for which actually no separate letter would be required, the 5th column 5 sonorants and one diacritic for aspiration. Horizontal practically determine any similarities of articulation.
This alphabet is not complete. There are a number of other diacritics, with the help of, inter alia, lack of vowels can be represented.
Vowels
The lack of will ( " Gahla TUDAG " [ ɡəhlə ʈuɖək̚ ] ) derived from the above as a diacritical mark by a dot:
The phonetic difference between and is not clearly defined. It is said that there was only a marginal phonemic distinction between the two, and will only rarely used.
As diacritic for nasalization is based on the Anusvara the other Indian scriptures a superscript dot (" Mu TUDAG " [ mu ʈuɖək̚ ] ) is used:
Although according to Neukom the vowel length is not to be distinctive, even this one diacritic ( " Relations " [ relative ] ) was created:
Emerson et al. ( 2002) provide two examples of this, but no minimal pairs.
Consonants
Counterparts in Ol Chiki alphabet are available for the following phonemes:
In addition, there is for [ ɳ ]. However, this is by no Neukom phoneme, but an allophone of / n / before retroflexem plosive, while Everson et al. (2002) Phonemstatus claim. [ w] is the nasalized version of [ w]. Whether it is to be regarded as a separate phoneme, is unclear.
Aspiration is synchronous considered phonemic. However, it is found mainly in borrowings from Indo-Aryan and lacking in Proto- Munda. Diachronically, it would be understandable, therefore, that it is considered in Ol Chiki with a diacritic. However, this is erroneously referred to as " consonant " and, as such, ( derived from ) the "alphabet" included. The presentation of the aspirates done so as digraph (similar to the transliteration for Indian writings according to ISO 15919 ):
Ol Chiki carries the Allophonie between voiced and " glottalized " plosives into account by both the same character provides ( 3rd column of the alphabet ).
There are two diacritics, which cause the opening or closing of junctures and thus the " glottalized " pronunciation of / b / / d / / ɟ / / ɡ / regulate. Without diacritic one recognizes a open juncture at a subsequent spaces or punctuation, such as [ with ] one; [ DAK ] water. To ensure " Glottalisierung " for a subsequent vowel, you have created as a diacritic a raised horizontal line " Pharka " [ p ʰ arka ]. It thus causes the opening of a Juncture: [ hiɟuk̚ ( ʔ ) a]. Without diacritic would be to read [ hiɟuɡa ]. However Pharka also serves as a hyphen.
The counterpart to Pharka is " Ahad " [ ɔhɔt̚ ]. It causes the closing of a juncture, and thus the voiced, not " glottalized " pronunciation of / b / / d / / ɟ / / ɡ / in final position, eg [ raɟ ] rule against [ raɟa ] king; [ ɡidrə ] child. In the Ol Chiki script - Ahad is connected to the preceding consonant to a ligature.
The spelling of the Glottalverschlusses done by "h Ahad " ( contracted to ).
An example is [n ˀ ate] Here, in the conventional roman notation
Digits
It also own numerals were created: