Pamphiliidae
Larvae of pear sawfly cocoon ( Neurotoma flaviventris )
The web sawflies ( Pamphiliidae ) family belongs to the suborder sawflies ( Symphyta ). To the family about 300 species are counted, of which 60 occur in Europe, two -thirds of all species are known from East Asia. All species live within the Holarctic.
Features
The animals have a relatively large head. The long antennae are filiform and consist of 18 to 36 members. The mandibles are strikingly large and strong. The thorax consists of three parts; the first segment, the prothorax, is only very slightly bulged at the back edge of the mesothorax large and well developed, the metathorax much smaller. The wings are large and richly veined. The abdomen is distinctly flattened and wide, the tergites are keeled laterally; the two first divided in the middle. The ovipositor of the ♀ is very short and barely protrudes beyond the end of the abdomen, the male genitalia are orthandrisch ( not rotated as with most other sawflies groups). Many species are rich in contrast drawn, some conspicuously colored colorful. The main flight time of most species in Central Europe is May; the animals are rapid fliers.
The larvae have poorly trained Torah calf A, their abdominal legs are completely absent. You have seven-membered sensor.
Way of life
The females lay their eggs singly or in groups on the food plants from, plus a small incision is created, on which the eggs are laid.
Like most other sawfly larvae live the phytophagous from the leaves of deciduous or coniferous trees. In some species, the larvae live sociably together in spun cocoons in which accumulates with advancing development feces, which is why they are sometimes referred to as Kotsack - sawflies. In most species, the larvae but live alone.
The larvae of the subfamily Cephalciinae live exclusively on conifers from the group of Pinaceae. Some species can cause damage in forestry (selection). It is striking that some species prefer certain stages of growth or height zones of their food plants; the pine -protect web sawfly ( Acantholyda erythrocephala ) is found regularly only in young pines to about 3 m high.
The larvae of the subfamily Pamphiliinae live in angiosperms, especially from the families Rosaceae, Birch family and pasture plants. To elucidate the lifestyle of the species of the genus Pamphilius next to Walter Fougere many other authors (selection) have contributed. The solitary larvae cut leaves of their food plants into strips and wrap it up at home tubes or bags, they fix it with gossamer threads. Such tubes are, for example, Frequently found in Aspen - far more prevalent than is commonly associated imagines can be found.
The pear sawfly cocoon, Neurotoma saltuum, sometimes referred to with their flashy lifestyle as a " pest " is usually very rare. This is also true for most other types. However, growing evidence that the alleged " rarity " in some European species by their lifestyle is an observation artifact in high treetops. Has also been mentioned as a pest Pamphilius silvaticus, one of the few common species of the genus.
Pupation takes place not in a cocoon, but in the ground where the animals also hibernate.
Genera and species
- Subfamily Cephalciinae Acantholyda (8 species), including, for example, Kiefer cultural web sawfly ( Acantholyda hieroglyphica )
- Steel Blue pine -protect web sawfly ( Acantholyda erythrocephala )
- Common pine sawfly cocoon ( Acantholyda posticalis )
- Reticulated web sawfly ( Caenolyda reticulata )
- Common spruce sawfly cocoon ( Cephalcia abietis )
- Kelidoptera ( 1 species )
- Neurotoma (5 species), including, for example, Folksy pear sawfly cocoon ( Neurotoma saltuum )
- Stone fruit sawfly cocoon ( Neurotoma nemoralis )
- Pamphilius aurantiacus (formerly neglectus )
- Pamphilius marginatus
- Pamphilius silvaticus
The genera and species can be determined with Viitasaari, M. ( 2002).