Pan flute
The pan flute is a series of tubes, with which different high frequency sounds can be generated. Panpipes belong to the group of longitudinal flutes, which are in turn assigned to the group of woodwind instruments, although they can be made of various materials ( wood, bamboo, metal, bone, clay, glass, reeds ). Some relatives of the pan flute are: notched flute, recorder, flute and ocarina.
Origin and Distribution
The name comes from the shepherd god Pan. According to legend, Pan wanted to take a nymph wife. When they rejected him, she was enchanted by a protective deity in a reed. From grief to Pan cut from this panpipes, with whom he later in the music contest with Apollo took ( Greek mythology). Old name for the pan flute are shepherds flute, syrinx or Papagenopfeife after Mozart's Magic Flute.
Panpipes originated in different cultures around the world to more than 6000 years ago. In Europe known are the windy sounding Pan Flutes from South America, particularly from the Andes, whose tubes are arranged in one or more straight rows, and clear sounding Nai, originally from Romania, whose tubes are arranged in an arc. The Larchemi (also Soinari ) in Western Georgia has six tubes in series and is considered as an instrument of shepherds. For special forms of panpipes, the tubes are arranged in a bundle, the inner tubes protrude higher. Acquaintance there are the multi-row against South American Siku ( from the Indian language ) or Zampoña ( Spanish word origin).
The Siku and Nai are available in different pitches of the pan flute piccolo in soprano voice to the man-sized bass pan flute. Most commonly, the Alt- panpipes, which are about 30 cm wide and 23 cm high as Nai. For most beginners, the tenor voice is likely to be easier to play.
In the northeastern region of Thailand, Isaan, is with the Wot ( in Thai โหวด, pronounced [ where ː t]) played a version of the panpipe, consisting of six to nine bamboo tubes. It can occur as a solo instrument to all entertainment events. One of the oldest Chinese musical instruments, the Pai Xiao, a pan flute part of a straight or curved series of end-blown bird bones. On the northern Philippine island of Luzon, there are some short panpipes with four or five pipes. In the rest of Southeast Asia, they are rare, except in the music of New Guinea, where they were described on several occasions. Of the few panpipes in Polynesia those of Tonga ( eight to ten pipes ) and Samoa are in museums today.
Fotzhobel
In the Alpine country has a special symmetrical panpipe was around 1800, very common from local reeds. It was called Fozhobel, Fotzhobel, Pfozhobel. Johann Andreas Schmeller wrote in the Bavarian Dictionary (1827 ) under the heading " Fozhobel ": this is the pan flute. In the mid-19th century, the Fotzhobel was then quickly replaced by the more modern harmonica, which took over not only his name but also his mood (Richter tuning).
Tone
A sound is produced in this instrument by a flow of air directed to a sharp edge and is of the cut ( cutting edge). The pitch is determined by the length of the vibrating column of air. In the pan flute this is done by different length tubes that are bundled into rows.
With a range of usually two to three octaves, but also up to nearly four octaves, almost all panpipes are diatonic, mostly in C major or G major. Halftones are generated by a special blowing technique, such as by the pan flute is tilted about 45 degrees and the lower lip is slightly shifted over the opening of the tube. Can be tuned by moving a panpipe used appropriately cork discs or (better) festgedrücktem beeswax. With loose-fitting wax balls a pan flute can also be retuned between different keys shortly. Some panpipes are also tuned in pentatonic scale.
Known panflutists
- Michael Dinner ( b. 1974 )
- Herkenhoff ( b. 1966 )
- Petruta Küpper (* 1981)
- Damian Luca ( b. 1936 )
- Juan Leonardo Santillia Rojas ( born 1984 )
- Daniela dé Santos ( born 1967)
- Matthias Schlubeck (* 1973)
- Edward Simoni (* 1959)
- Simion Stanciu " Syrinx " (1949-2010)
- Gheorghe Zamfir ( b. 1941 )