Participle
Participle (Latin participle, of particeps " part off"; plural participles ) is an infinite verb form. The name indicates the participation (participation) on the properties of both adjectives and verbs. Like bringing the German word designating means for expression, because the participle is as it were in the middle between verb and adjective.
As infinite verb form its shape is independent of the grammatical Verbkategorien (number, person and mode).
The participles are subsequently classified according to the grammatical ( syntactic ) time form, by which they are formed ( present, perfect, future tense ). Whether this time form and in function within the set has a statement that is language dependent. In German, these tenses are used only to distinguish the two types of participles which exert different functions. Other sections deal with participles in languages that do not fit into this scheme.
- 3.1 German Language 3.1.1 syntax
- 3.1.2 Education
- 3.1.3 Adjectival properties
- 4.1 Latin language
- 4.2 Greek language
- 4.3 In other languages
Simple Explanation
The participle ( present tense) is formed by appending a "-d" to the base form of the verb. Through the " -d" gets the verb ( action word ) the meaning of an adjective ( an adjective ). The participle is a cross between adjective and verb
Example: Basic form ( infinitive ): jump; Participle: jumping. In the sentence " The jumping child laughs. " Is " jumping " the past participle. Is a means word ( participle ), which is already almost an adjective from the verb. Example of an adjective: " The little child laughs. " Here, " small" is an adjective.
A word in the participle can also be used as an adverb. Example: " The child jumps laughing off the swing. " Here, " laughing ", a participle, which as an adverb ( adverb ) the verb "jump" explains in more detail. The examples referred to here on the present ( present participle, also called a present participle or middle word of the present).
The past participle is, however, with the prefix "ge " (used in verbs with prefixes and other such on - ming omitted) and by adding " -t" or " et " ( regular verbs ) or "s " and other changes made ( irregular verbs ).
Examples of the participle in the past tense:
- Yesterday he ate ice cream. ( " Eaten " - past participle or past participle, also means word of the past)
- Now the ice is eaten. ( " Eaten " - passive present tense)
- The ice cream was eaten. ( " Eaten " - passive past tense )
- Yesterday, the ice has been eaten. ( " Been eaten " - Passive Perfect )
Present participle
German language
In the German language: Present participle word means or the presence
The present participle is used in the sentence for use of a verb as an adjective or adverb.
Adjectival participle are the properties of antonymy (example: fits - inappropriate ), the possibility to form compound words (for example: if applicable), and the ability of both the attributive and predicative use (for example, a suitable opportunity - the opportunity is appropriate).
Examples:
- The loving mother - the girls singing - the silent lamb - the screaming Seller
- The example is applicable. - The child runs home crying.
The participle may be declined like an adjective. It is often referred to for this reason as a verbal adjective. The Partizipattribute that can be formed by a participle and possibly an extension stand, attributive to a noun. A Partizipattribut can always be resolved by a relative clause. Thus, the set is easier to understand.
Examples:
- The message coming from above ( as a relative clause: the message that comes from above)
- With the message coming from above ( as a relative clause: with the message that comes from above)
The participle can in German also simultaneity of actions and activities, similar to express the Latin:
Examples:
- The man goes singing through the house ( The man sings and goes. Therefore He performs two tasks at the same time. )
The participle can also be formed as a composite. Examples:
- Noun present participle ( carnivorous, analgesic )
- Adverb past participle ( perpetual calendar )
- Adjective participle ( single)
Latin language
In Latin: present participle active (PPA )
The PPA expresses the time relationship of simultaneity between the action expressed by the participle and the parent record. In Latin the participle is also used as a sentence reduction in the construction of the participle absolutus coniunctum (PC ) and the Ablativus.
Greek language
In Greek: present participle present participle active and medium / passive.
Unlike the Germans, the passive forms of the present tense are formed synthetically ( custom shapes ).
Past participle
German language
Syntax
The past participle (also: Past participle or middle word of the past) is
- For use of a verb in the passive voice, as an adjective or adverb in a sentence
- To the formation of compound ( analytical ) tenses: Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect; each case in the active,
- And for all tenses in the passive
Examples:
- Beloved mother - the sung song - the prodigal son
- I have loved ( perfect active ) - I am loved ( present passive )
- He drove home ( perfect active ) - he is driven home ( present passive )
The past participle is usually of the verbs have, be and are governed. Occasionally, however, other participle governing verbs in appearance, about the verb get (example: some gifted ). This special form of passive is called get - passive, " passive recipients ", " Benefizientenpassiv " or " dative passive " means. Other examples of participle - governing verbs are ( caught ) accept / set / hold ( located ) come ( lost ) give / think / know.
Education
The formation of the participle is basically with the prefix ge -.
- Loved love →
- → built build
- Win → triumphed
- Laid hold →
In strong verbs past participle form with ge - and the suffix -ene is formed:
- → ridden ride
- Turn → bent
- → Apply taken
- Dig dug →
However, there are verbs that are without the prefix ge - formed include including:
- All inseparable verbs, ie those who can not be stressed on the first syllable, in particular verbs in - ming respond → reacts
- Fixed fix →
- Trumpet trumpets →
- Tells tell →
- Recommend Recommend →
- Confess confessed →
- Concede → conceded
- To earn → deserves to
The past participle can be formed in German also as a composite. Examples:
- Noun past participle ( iced, moss covered )
- Adverb past participle ( equal tempered )
- Adjective participle ( the fine print )
Adjectival properties
Adjectival properties of the participle are the Steigerbarkeit (example: the most successful idea ), the antonymy (example: animate - inanimate ), the possibility to form compound words (for example, highly loved) and the possibility of the attributive as the predicative use (example: the sung song - the son is lost).
Some participles as adjectives are so independent, that an underlying verb does not exist or a completely different meaning ( examples: hairy, winged, related ).
Latin language
In Latin: past participle passive (PPP )
The PPP is used to form the passive voice, and is the third root form (eg: Amatus ). The participle expresses the prematurity of the action of the parent record. Unlike the Germans, the passive forms of the present tense are formed synthetically ( custom shapes ) and not rely on the PPP.
In Latin the participle is also used as a sentence reduction in the construction of the participle absolutus coniunctums (PC ) and the Ablativus.
Greek language
In Greek: past participle medium / passive and active participle.
Participle Futur
Latin language
In Latin: past participle Future Perfect Active ( PFA)
The PFA stands for posteriority. This form can not be formed in German and must therefore be paraphrased in the translation. Example: Morituri te salutant " the doomed / those who will die / die those who are about to greet you."
Greek language
In Greek: past participle Past perfect active participle Present perfect passive participle and Futur medium.
In other languages
In Lithuania there are both active as passive participle Futur, eg rašysima knyga ( " the book that will be written ") regime vaikas valdysiantis pasaulį ( "A child was born, that will rule the world "). In Russian, the active present participle of perfective verbs used with Futurbedeutung colloquial.
Baltic and Slavic Participles
Especially many Partizipialformen there in the Baltic and Slavic languages. The synthetic verb forms are modified according to tense and gender Verbi, yet also as adjectives according to case and number. In addition, participles differ between short and long forms ( the Slavic resultative participles have today usually only short forms ). By combining these grammatical categories, up to several dozen forms that rarely coincide usually arise. However, in some languages, the participles are displaced and paraphrased with subordinate clauses. Especially rare are the future tense participles.
Example from Lithuanian: Inf matyti "see", Curr. Nominative singular present tense mask Matas / matantis " sees ", Curr. Perfect mask nominative singular mates " who has seen ", Curr. iter. Perfect mask nominative singular matydavęs " has seen repeated", Curr. Futur mask nominative singular matysiąs / matysiantis " will see " pass. Nominative singular present tense mask matomas " is seen ", pass. Perfect mask nominative singular matytas " the seen ", pass. Nominative singular present tense mask matysimas " will be seen."
Predicative can express the mode relativus some Baltic Paritizipen, eg Lithuanian Ji sako buvęs namie ( " He says he was at home " ), Kuršiai gyvenę šiaurėje ( " the cures lived in the North"; see the indicative form gyveno ) or passive Kuršių gyventa šiaurėje (the same, nor would the Indicative and the often hilarious auxiliary verb for: ( BUVO ) gyventa ). Similarly, also the transgressive is used when the subject of the main clause is different from the reported speech, eg jis Sake Teva išėjus ( " He said that his father had gone away ", this construction is called in Latin accusativus cum participio ).
To form periphrastischer tenses there are in Lithuanian further progressive ( active ) participles, eg jis BUVO bemiegąs " he was sleeping / he was asleep ."
Most colloquial or dialectal both active and passive participles to form periphrastischer ( perfective ) tenses are used:
- Polish: Wtedy wypiłem. ("I had been drinking at the time. " )
- Russian: У меня корова подоена. ( " For me, the cow is milked. " / "I've milked the cow. " - PPP )
- Old Church Slavonic: Bex stoję ( " I was at a standstill. " - progressive form )
- Lithuanian ( dialect in Belarus ): Manip Karve pamelžta. ("I have milked the cow. " )
Formal passive participles sometimes have only one active meaning, eg:
- Polish: Przyszedłem. ( "I have come. " )
- Lower: Mam WSO docynjone. ( "I have everything done. " )
The past tense is the German Perfectly formed analytically similar in many Slavic languages. For this purpose a form of be as an auxiliary verb is connected with the so-called L- participle. In Russian, the past is formed without an auxiliary verb.
Derived infinite verb forms
In the Slavic languages , there is the transgressive and the Baltic the Quasipartizip (eg lit. Matant, Macius, matysiant of matyti "see" ) and Halbpartizipien, eg Lithuanian rašydamas ( " write ", infinitive rašyti ) Latvian likdams ( "legend ", infinitive likt ). Halbpartizipien can only be used as satzwertige verb phrases. Ins German they are usually paraphrased by subordinate clauses.
In some languages, the infinite verb form is congruent with the reference word in gender and number, eg in Czech ( transgressive ) and Lithuanian ( Halbpartizip ), see lithuanian Ji įėjo verkdamas ( "he's crying came in " ) vs. Ji įėjo verkdama ( "she ...").
Modalitätsausdrücke
Some languages have special Partizipialformen expressing the modal aspects. For example, in Lithuania there is the past participle of having ( participle necessitatis ), whose meaning is similar to the German gerundive, eg rašytinas straipsnis ( " the essay to composing "). In some Slavic languages, there is the past participle of the possibility, for example in Upper Sorbian ( korigujomny " correctable " wobdźiwajomny " admirable " ), in Lower Sorbian ( widobny " foreseeable " zranjobny " vulnerable " ) or in Czech ( korigovatelný " correctable " ). Some modal participles, however, have gradually lost their modality. In addition, the usual participles can be used as Modalitätsausdrücke, eg Latvian dzerams " drinkable ", in Lithuanian and Russian usually have the negated forms a modal connotation, such as lit. neištariamas " unpronounceable ", Russ nerešaemyj " unsolvable ". Whether a participle can express modal aspects, depends on its tense, aspect and verbal genus Verbi, the criteria vary from language to language. Modal participles are paraphrasierbar by subordinate clauses with modal verbs.
Spelling
In German, both participles present participles and can be a substantive. You then have to be capitalized. Examples: the lovers, the following, a prisoner, all printed matter.