Per Georg Scheutz
Per Georg Scheutz ( pronunciation: [ ˌ ʝe ː ɔɹʝ ʃœʝ ː ts ] * September 23, 1785 in Jonkoping, † May 22, 1873 in Stockholm) was a Swedish publisher with an interest in literature, politics, science and technology.
Life
Scheutz had German ancestors and was the son of Fredrik Christian Schieutz ( Scheutz ) and his wife Christina Johann Berg.
Scheutz grew up in Jönköping, Sweden in the guest house of his parents. His formal education began in elementary school in Jonkoping and the Växjö Gymnasium in. In 1803 he enrolled in the University of Lund and graduated in 1805 with the legal preliminary to the ' mountain exam ' from. Although he briefly enrolled at the University of Uppsala, he passed the exam to Bergmann never expire. 3
With the more liberal press law of 1809 Scheutzer began his career as a journalist. The first work he translated the report of the German geographers and biologists Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann into Swedish. In 1816 he translated Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare.
The writer Fredrik Cederborgh (1784-1835), he founded the 1813 Cederborgska boktryckeriet, which published the weekly opposition paper Anmärkaren from 1816. Between 1817 and 1818, he translated works by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Zacharias Werner, August von Kotzebue and Giovanni Boccaccio into Swedish. 4 in 1819 took over Scheutz the printing press, sold the Anmärkaren and brought out the Anmärkarne, later the Argus. After his initial political orientation, he turned to zunehmens literature and technology. He tried to establish a wider public through its publications for science and technology. So, in his Journal för Manufakturer och Hushållning translated summaries of the articles of the main journal from England, Germany and France. 5
The Difference Engine
As part of its publishing activity came Scheutz 1830 with the designs of Charles Babbage on his Difference Engine in contact. 98 He was to build on the idea of a machine that is expected and the result was the same hold onto printing plates, fascinated. With the help of a detailed functional description in a review by Dionysius Lardner in the Edinburgh Review Georg Scheutz constructed a model from wood, wire and cardboard to be convinced of the effectiveness of the principle. 104f. In the summer of 1837, he allowed his 16 -year-old son, the future engineer Edvard Scheutz ( 1821-1881 ) to build a larger model of metal. Georg Scheutz was so excited by the possibilities of this model that he presented to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and asked for financial support for the production of a complete Difference Engine. The support was not granted.
Edvard Scheutz refined the model further: A difference engine with 5 points and a difference was completed in 1840, the extension to 3 differences 1843 1844 sought George Scheutz at the Swedish crown to provide financial support for the construction of a complete model of the difference engine after. . It was only in 1851 one third of the original amount he was promised in the event that he could demonstrate a fully working model. With technical and logistical support from Johan Wilhelm Bergström (1812-1881) Georg and Edvard Scheutz were in October 1853 to introduce a functional, 15-digit difference engine with a depth of 4 differences that could print an 8- digit profit. 13 The machine is also known as No Scheutz. 1 indicates: The first complete Difference Engine of the Scheutz. Some authors refer to the no. 1 as the second machine in the Scheutz, they see the demonstrator from 1843 to the first functioning difference engine.
Whereabouts of the model of 1843
The model of 1843 after the death of Edvard Scheutz for 50 crowns to the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm, sold. Appendix 1 The model was established in December 1979 by Michael Lindgren, rediscovered in the course of research for his dissertation, in the fundus of the museum and together with Per Westberg, the furniture conservator of the museum, as far as possible restored. Since the main drive gear had numerous broken teeth before rediscovery and this gear should not be replaced as a central part of the machine as part of the restoration, the machine is currently in a non- functional state. The model is in Tekniska museet, Stockholm issued.
Sales visits the Scheutz
In the fall of 1854, the Scheutzers started on a promotional trip for the difference engine to England. Here them a patent (No. 2216 of 1854) was ersteilt on 13 April 1955. The machine was, inter alia, exhibited at Somerset House from the Royal Society and demonstrated. Then the machine at the Paris World Exhibition of 1855 was shown. Charles Babbage was interested in the ' machine of Scheutzers ' and supported this to convince both in London and Paris for its sales efforts, but not without exposing his contribution. :20 -1 He tried in vain to the Royal Society ( London) Georg Scheutz to appoint a member. 22
1856 prompted Benjamin A. Gould to purchase the difference engine for £ 1000 for the Dudley Observatory in Schenectady, NY: 25 The machine was delivered in April 1857 and in the following winter for two months: 282 put into operation. 26 After these two months was Gould relieved of his duties and no longer used the machine. :282 -283 the Scheutz no. 1 was therefore never used in accordance with its original purpose, the direct creation of print templates for table works. 42 1963, the difference engine of the Smithsonian Institution was handed over.
Further developments of the Difference Engine
A second difference engine ( Scheutz No. 2), practically a copy of the first machine, built Edvard Scheutzer commissioned by the UK Treasury, together with Bryan Donkin in London, England, on. The machine was handed over after 19 months of construction, on 5 July 1859. 223f. The first printed with artwork from the machine tables, tables were the barometer of William Gravatt, 1859. 224 were In the following years, among other things Mortality Table (London, 1864) calculated using the difference engine. 231 The machine was decommissioned in 1914 and the Science Museum, London on is, :. 32
Although the Scheutzs built only two difference machines and these machines are not error-free functioned: 26.31 they made it for these two machines produce a public. 32 In addition to the exhibitions, the Scheutz led their machine again and again. 1857 printed the Scheutz a 50 - page booklet on the possibilities of the difference engine, including a 29 -page table of logarithms from 1 to 10,000. 207f. The book was sent to all potential buyers purchase a Difference Engine. Appendix 2 A French edition was completed in 1858. 380
Reasons for the lack of use of the Difference Engine of the Scheutz
Neither George nor Edvard Scheutz were mathematically proficient, as that they had the difference engine itself for creating new table plants can use. Not that they lacked the skills for the actual computation, problem was to determine the initial values for the calculator. They, too, was not clear which tables still could have been produced profitably. For the present time can not be more open, which is why it has, for example, Babbage not advise you accordingly on this point.
Mid-19th century ' new ' tables were derived or interpolated usually from old tables. The Difference Engine by Scheutz, both no. 1 and no. 2, were with 8 digits, which was indeed extended by a more complex two-step account on 15 points and only four differences are not powerful or accurate enough. Already Babbage Difference Engine no. 1 had fuller opportunities, his Difference Engine No. 18 points and 6 differences. 2 should contain 31 digits and 7 differences. So Babbage knew about the requirements for the calculation accuracy for creating new tables. 278 Why does he not brought to the Scheutz to expand their machine accordingly, is unclear.
Honors
For the construction of the Difference Engine Georg Scheutz was elected in February 1856 to a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In April 1856 Georg and Edvard Scheutzer received the gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris and George Scheutzer was knighted the Wasaordens. 22
More Difference Engine
A scaled difference engine was built in 1860 by Martin Wiberg ( 1826-1905 ) :32 - 3, another of George Barnard Grant ( 1849-1917 ) was exhibited at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. :33 -7
Between 1989 and 1991, in the London Science Museum, the Difference Engine No. 2 built by Babbage in order to demonstrate the functionality of the design. 2008 was another, also from the Science Museum in London built Difference Engine No. 2 presented in California's Computer History Museum. The Science Museum emphasizes that it is not in the two difference machines to replicas, as Charles Babbage built only part of the model and never a functioning ' whole ' difference engine. The machines from 1991 and 2008 are therefore referred to as originals.