Pieris mannii
Karst White (Pieris mannii )
The Karst White (Pieris mannii ) is a butterfly ( butterfly ) of the family of White (Pieridae ).
- 4.1 Notes and references
- 4.2 Literature
Features
The moths have a wingspan of 40-46 millimeters. In the second generation of black Apikalfleck enough on the top of the front wing on the outer edge to the wing vein M3 or Cu1. On the upper surface of the rear wing of the half-moon shaped and is Costalfleck outwardly concave. The rear wing undersides are uniformly dark scaly. The species can easily with the small cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) are confused. This has drawn as dark hindwing undersides, especially in the spring generation. May be different at the two species using the apical and Diskalflecks. The Diskalfleck is rectangular and bulky, made round and small in the Karst Weißling the small cabbage white butterfly. The imaginary connecting line between it and the boundary of Apikalflecks on the wing outer edge is inclined at the similar nature, the karst Weißling horizontally. The Apikalfleck is strong and extended the Karst White Butterfly, and unlike the similar nature somewhat stepped and also reached the wing vein M3. The wing tip is the karst Weißling rounded than in the similar way, also a small spot located in the females ( Posteromaculata - spot) on the upper side of the hind wings, which rarely occurs in the cabbage white butterfly.
The Nominatunterart and P. mannii alpigena can be distinguished on the basis of these features, especially for the second generation of the cabbage white butterfly, the subspecies P. mannii and P. mannii rossii todaroana and especially P. mannii andegava are due to weak expression of the characteristics described above difficult to distinguish. The same is true with P. mannii hethaea. P. mannii and P. mannii roberti haroldi are easy to distinguish, P. mannii reskovitsi is the Nominatunterart similar.
Sure the Karst Weißling can be determined in the caterpillar stage, as the caterpillars in the first and second stage have a black head capsule.
Occurrence
The species is widespread in the Mediterranean area. They are found from eastern Spain, on the southeast of France and the Rhone valley to the Valais. In Italy, it occurs everywhere, except on in the Po Valley and in Sardinia. The distribution boundary continues along the Lower Austrian Alps edge and the Bükk in Hungary, east to the Trans- Caucasus and northern Iraq. The species is still common in the west and south of the Balkan peninsula of Slovenia to the Bosporus and the Peloponnese and in Turkey. The resources in the Middle Atlas in Morocco is probably extinct. The species is about to expand their area of distribution. She has probably spread in Southeast France and enters since 2008 numerous north of the Alps. The species is now widespread throughout Switzerland, with the exception Mittelbünden and the southern valleys of Grisons, as well as in southern Germany and Vorarlberg.
The Karst white butterfly occurs in dry, temperature- favored, rocky areas. It is found for example in karst areas, rocky goat pastures and extensive steep rocky terrain, even in forests. One finds the way from plains to middle mountain areas. It rises in the northern Alps to 1000 meters, in the Southern Alps to 1600 meters and in Southern Europe and Turkey up to 2000 meters above sea level. In the Mediterranean, the Karst White Ling settled in deep layers also olive groves and vineyards and rocky ground and the edges of wild driving and walking paths that lead through bush stocks.
Way of life
The animals are often found between trees and shrubs. The wintering pupae of the last generation.
Flight times and caterpillars
The Karst white butterfly flies according to altitude in two to at least five generations per year. In the lowlands of southern Europe he fly from late February to early November, in the higher levels of the mountain of May to August. In Morocco, only one generation occurs from July to August.
Food of the caterpillars
As food plants of the Blasenschötchen ( Alyssoides utriculata ) is proved in large parts of Italy and in the Upper Valais. Initially the fruit capsules, eaten later as with the other food plants the leaves. From Südkalabrien the kind of beach - silver herb ( Lobularia maritima ), in the south of France and in the eastern Pyrenees to Grasblättriger cress ( Lepidium graminifolium ), Iberis linifolia, Rock candytuft ( Iberis saxatilis ) and Evergreen candytuft ( Iberis sempervirens) detected. In northeastern Italy, and on the north- western Balkans, the caterpillars feed on Schmalblättrigem double seeds ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia ). In the north of its range one finds the crawler in rock gardens to loop Flowers ( Iberis ), what she eats in western France, where it occurs in highly agriculturally used area, is currently unknown.