Pitted Ware culture

The Grübchenkeramische Culture ( GKK - schwed. Gropkeramiska cultures;. Engl Pit - Comb Ware culture ), just as " Grübchenkeramik " or "comb ceramics", owes its name to its characteristic ornaments pointed or flat-bottomed ceramic. In the final phase there is also Wulstverzierte ceramics.

Description

The huge range of the GKK extended in northern Europe from southern Norway over the northern coastal regions and islands of the Baltic Sea ( northern Denmark, Gotland, Åland ), in Sweden via the Baltic States ( Haffküstenkultur ) to the middle Dnieper and the Don region, probably in the east to beyond the Urals.

Meantime she runs approximately parallel to the Funnel Beaker culture and the Corded Ware.

Here Mesolithic traditions survived at least into the third millennium BC The first grübchenkeramische settlement was discovered in 1864 in Visby on Gotland. With Gullrum, Hemmoor and Stora Karlsö here are about 20 other places are known which can be dated by the land uplift occurred during the term of the culture around four meters. On the Swedish mainland are now more than 60 residential places of culture are known ( Pfahlbau Alvastra ).

The men were hunters and gatherers, since only bone remains of wild animals have been found. These included, in particular to bear, elk, wild boar, beaver, hare and birds. Near the coast or inland fish-rich waters of the aquatic fauna predominated as prey, which can be seen with found seal bones, fish hooks, harpoons and footprints of networks. Isotope studies in the cemetery Västerbjers on Gotland prove this also. From Gotland pig bones are known, which could originate from domestic swine, as the wild boar at the time was not native to the island. The culture carrier took over from the neighboring peasant cultures the stone grinding. Among the findings of the Swedish living quarters include flint hatchets and axes made of rock, fish spears made ​​of bone, bone harpoons, arrowheads of flint and slate.

Waldneolithikum

As Waldneolithikum or " Neolithic in the forest zone " is a through station with comb and grübchenverzierten pottery finds and cemeteries as Olenij ostrov ( Karelia ) and Beregovaya in Yekaterinburg reported relatively static group of hunter- gatherers called, extending from the Baltic states ( Narva culture ) to the Frisian islands including parts of the Netherlands and Belgium to the north of the 63rd degree of latitude. The distribution of affected parts of the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia, Belarus and Poland as well as the states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and East Prussia. Fishing industry is the basic food and livestock is unknown. The stations occurring from 5000 BC to the 2nd millennium form a bridge to the Northern Scandinavian " slate culture." On the Kola Peninsula to develop around the time of turning to the settlements of the cloth goes on, operate the later reindeer husbandry. Large parts of this culture eventually go from about 4300-2000 BC in the Funnel Beaker culture and the cultures of the Corded Ware culture following her on.