Portal (architecture)
As the portal is called the highlighted by architectural structure or sculptural decoration entrance of temples, churches, palaces, tunnels and the like.
Development
The ancient Greek and Roman temples usually have simple rectangular portals, where a columned portico is upstream. The triumphal arches of the Romans with their flanked by columns, arched passageways show a more complex form of language to which the portal architecture of later times often resorted. In the Middle Ages continued as a church entrance, the arched portal through which developed during the Romanesque period to both sides of columns accompanied stepped portal. During this period the first sculpture portals. The tympanum ( tympanum above the horizontal upper lintel ) provided space for figural representations. The heyday of Figure portal is the Gothic style. Renaissance and Baroque accented by columns frames again more the architectural character of the portal. The portal will be upgraded in the civil architecture of castles, palaces and town houses for representative input. The construction of the facade and the stairs lead up to the portal. Often a portico to the portal is now back vorgebaut. In contrast to the splendor of the portals of public buildings ( theaters, museums, town halls, etc.) of the 19th century versa modern architecture back to a predominantly functional design input, so that the portal as a separate component part disappears. The Postmodern architecture performs the staging of input and output devices by striking back and grabs it back partly on historical models.
Style types of portals
Romanesque
Clean architectural designs such as the stepped portal are from the time in France in 1100 enriched with sculptural parts, so that the great figure portals of Moissac, Autun and Vezelay arise. In Italy, the church doors are often Giebelvorbauten on pillars covered ( Cathedral of Piacenza).
Gothic
In the Gothic period the pointed arch is through a portal shape. A fully developed Gothic portal has doorposts left and right of the entrance, which together with the horizontal lintel of the door frame. The necessary with larger portals center pier is designated by the French term Trumeau. Left and right of the door, the wall is divided by multiple-stepped jambs with set columns. These columns support with their capitals and fighters, the pointed arches as Archivolts ( bow legs ) on the tympanum ( tympanum ) run. The pointed arch is often crowned by a gable ( gable ), which can also be designed as openwork tracery. The door can be made of wood or metal ( bronze), but are hardly obtained Gothic bronze doors. At the church facades often three portals are analogous to the three-nave structure of the interior grouped into a three- portal system, wherein, in a twin-tower facade the side portals usually lead into the towers, the central portal, however, in the nave. All of these elements of the portal can be enhanced by figural representations. On portal unfolds the Gothic sculpture, which the Church's message is conveyed to the entrants. In addition to the main facade (usually in the west) and the transept facades may be provided with Figure portals (eg in Chartres ). In the late Gothic evolve according to the various arch forms ( ogee, ogee ) numerous variants of the pointed arch portal. The Gothic portal is - as well as the Romanesque and all the other exterior and interior architecture of the time - but very colorful and colorful present, original versions are usually only in tiny remnants obtained ( eg in Lausanne) and are now on the grounds of the monument protection no longer reconstructs the original.
Isabelline Gothic, even as a transition to the Renaissance Iglesia del Convento de San Pablo in Valladolid, Spain, 1445-1468
Renaissance
In the Italian Renaissance, the portal adds primarily into the overall design of the facade. The independence of the portal as a sculptural element occurs in the background, from figurative program of the Gothic architecture is the portal as an architectural component over. The magnificent nature reserves, the portal but when, and he will even be increased: it constitutes the central portion of the facade design. In the tension between involvement in and stepping out of the facade of the Renaissance portal forms a break in the style of development. The framing is done by a profiled soffit, through square drive ( Rustica ) or more complex examples by pilasters or columns. The portal will be completed by a horizontal architrave and is often crowned with a triangular pediment or gable segment so that a Portalädikula arises. For the site design is based on the ancient orders of columns, which are spread by Sebastiano Serlio and architectural treatises of Andrea Palladio in Europe. While portals Tuscan and Doric order have more defensive character and get locks that schmuck rich Corinthian order is appropriate for churches. The elegant Ionic order is more commonly used on the houses. In the German and Dutch late Renaissance architecture is the richly ornamented portal developed into an important showpiece, is resorted for its embellishment on copper engraved ornament templates.
German late Renaissance portal
Portal with ashlar work
Portal Hohentübingen, castle outside gate
The portal is in the German Renaissance often the place for the signature of the architect by a stonemason character.
Selection of buildings with Renaissance portals in Germany:
- Hall shear Cathedral, St. Catherine Hospital Church ( Heilbronn ), Castle Grimm 's Stone ( Gotha ), Lübeck Town Hall, Castle Demerthin ( Gumtow ) Sturmfeder cal lock ( Dirmstein ), Bishop's Castle ( Dirmstein ), Gewandhaus (Braunschweig), Parish Church of St. Leonhard (market Piesting ) lion House ( Homberg ( Efze) )
Baroque
For a dynamic Baroque architecture is characteristic. About Eck asked columns or pilasters, the portal can now be more come out of the wall. The basic elements remain the same as in the Renaissance.