Pronoun

Pronoun (plural pronouns or pronoun ) ( in German school grammar and pronoun ) are unique in traditional linguistics companion or deputy, in modern linguistics deputy of the noun and are declinable, so take care in gender and number, as a companion in case the noun to for which they or where they are.

There are several sub-groups, particularly important are:

• Personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, etc.), which directly present in the speech situation individuals interpret, for example ( you ) or can refer to previously introduced in the text individuals ( [ the dog ] ... he ... ) as well as
• Indefinitpronomina that refer solely to the existence of an individual, without further specify properties (for example, someone is singing ) ( here is it logically then to quantifiers ).

Depending on the grammatical tradition up to ten sub-types of pronouns are distinguished, which have very different grammatical properties. So pronouns can also mark questions ( interrogative pronouns such as who) initiate or relative clauses. Some pronouns are used as a noun (example: the car is mine), others accompany a noun much like you would an article word (example: my car ).

In all its subspecies pronouns are thus not as content words, but they behave as grammatical elements also in that they form a closed class, ie a class of expressions, which is not expandable with new words. In traditional Wortartlehre is " pronoun " is usually performed as a separate part of speech (ie noun next, and others). In German, the pronoun ( in the traditional perspective) set membered enabled (as opposed to products ), not article- enabled (as opposed to noun), not komparierbare be defined (as opposed to adjective), deklinierbare (as opposed to the verb ) flektierbare part of speech - or easier - than not komparierbare (as opposed to the adjective ) to case, number and gender (as opposed to noun) flektierbare speech. However, especially the demarcation to items deemed to be unclear - some are traditionally called pronouns words classified directly as products word or determinative. The Duden grammar speaks of a parent class "Article words and pronouns ", in which both, in some respects are similar, are to be distinguished for other purposes, however. In school grammars there is also the distinction deputy and companion.

In modern linguistics, pronouns are usually not recognized as a separate part of speech, but with the same category referred to as the units that they can replace, so as noun phrases or Determinansphrasen; a variant is the analysis of at least the personal pronouns ( such as " he, they " ) as intransitive article, so heads of the category D.

History of Wortartbezeichnung

The unclear distinction between pronouns and articles words is that the pronoun in the narrow sense and the demonstrative were seen uniformly in Latin and shaped by the Latin grammar teaching German grammar teaching handed down this term. In the Romance languages ​​, the use before a noun and the independent use have, however, developed auseineinander. In French, is therefore " determinant " spoken of in the former case, in English of " determiner " in modern German grammars under English influence of " determiners ".

Classification

Pronouns have in German and other Indo-European languages ​​have different types:

• Personal pronoun (personal pronouns ): I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

• Possessive pronouns ( possessive pronouns ): my (s), your (s), be (s ), our (s), your (s), their (s)
• Reflexive ( reflexive pronouns ): me, you, yourself, ourselves, yourselves,
• Indefinite pronouns ( indefinite pronouns ): someone who all, one, none, some, one, who, no one, nothing, something, some other
• Demonstrative ( ostensive pronouns ): the, the, the; this, this, this; that, those that; the one the one the one; same, same, same
• Interrogative pronouns ( interrogative pronouns ): ? Who, what, what, what?
• Relative pronoun ( related pronouns ): the who, the who, what, which, who, whose
• Reziprokpronomen ( reciprocal pronouns ): each other, even themselves ( eg, they see themselves )
• Determinativpronomen ( determining pronouns ): attributive pronouns used in the function of an item, such as a / this / that / some / any computer program
• Adverbialpronomen: In French, represented the Adverbialpronomen y and en Präpositionalgruppen. A similar hybrid form is in German Represents the Pronominaladverb

Alternative representations can be found in Zifonun, Benveniste and star field.

In Latin

In the Latin language, you can find many parallels to the Germans:

• Personal pronoun (personal pronouns ): ego, tu, is, ea, id, nos, vos, ei, eae, ea
• Possessive pronouns ( possessive pronouns ): meus, tuus, suus, noster, Vorster, suus
• Demonstrative ( ostensive pronouns ): hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id; ille, illa, illud; iste, ista, ISTUD
• Relative pronoun ( related pronouns ): qui, quae, quod
• Determinativpronomen ( determining pronouns ): ipse, ipsa, ipsum