Public space

By public space (including public sector), the ground-level part of a community area or a public corporation understood, which is freely accessible to the public and is managed and maintained by the community. In general, fall into this public traffic areas for pedestrian, bicycle and motor vehicle traffic, but also parks and playgrounds.

The term is mainly used in urban planning and transport planning. The public space is compared to the private room. Public buildings represent another form of public institutions dar.

Differentiation

There are three different types of spatial usages:

• Public space
• Semi-public space
• Private space

And their functional significance ( here: layout and design ) and reception.

Gatherings of people in public spaces (such as demonstrations ) are subject to the Assembly Act. Since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 public spaces of the Western world are increasingly monitored by video surveillance. In many cities and communities, the use of public space (eg, meetings ) through statutes, the commercial use (eg outdoor areas of shops and restaurants) is usually governed by a tariff.

In addition to the legally laid out approach and consideration of public space in particular, the social functions of space must, in relation to the change in perception by mechanization and technologisation (due to the security discussion) are taken into account. This shall, in particular the failures through economic, popularization and Konsumptionalisierung the key challenges in the foreground. Here, critical analysis of discourses about the development of private - public by the administrative centralization a mating model for participatory review in the Federal Republic since the 1960s. The question of the identity of rooms may vary depending upon the causes of the processes within the production area, ie the construction industry Intentionalisierung and the errors or failures thus generated. To use overlaps can be caused by intended function within the planning that compromise as an error or barriers to use, and thus the causal function.

Layout and design

Although belonging to a community area forests or lakes, public spaces are meant within built-up localities with public space mostly. Public space can be divided and shaped differently and is therefore used in different ways:

• Traffic areas, rest areas
• Space for street furniture
• Areas for outdoor advertising and billboard advertising
• Green areas ( not walk ), fountains, water features

Current trends and approaches

Town planning

The publisher and publicist Wolf Jobst Siedler sat in his publications as The murdered city - farewell to Putte and street, square and tree 1978, or The prescribed coziness - swan song to play street, traffic calming and cityscape Care 1985 repeatedly critical of the public space and its often divergent claims to use apart.

After the rediscovery of public space as a central element of grown over the centuries the European idea of ​​identity- polity its elements are increasingly being used as instruments of control of city planners. By use equitable sharing and design of public spaces district are to be enhanced in their living and quality of stay and fallow land and building land for private investors be made attractive. The public space is seen as a link of private land, but is also subject to particular political attention. An example is the project " Hannover creates space " of Lower Saxony's capital of Hanover are used.

Privatization

Since many communities increasingly see themselves unable to maintain the areas and facilities of the public space and to manage itself, the tendencies towards privatization publicly-used facilities, or transfer of rights and obligations to private law companies increase - such as airports, railway stations. This has the consequence that privatized roads, underground parking facilities, car parks and shopping centers are subject to the house rules, and the private legal use of the respective owners. Critics are of the view that general fundamental rights such as freedom of assembly and demonstration would be limited by this development, if these private companies or owners then make there from her home rights. The German Federal Court of Justice has taken this criticism not initially divided in its judgment 2006. The first Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court, however, has connected on 22 February 2011 of the above criticism in terms of the applicant, and remanded the lower court rulings in 2005 and 2006 for a new decision to the District Court Frankfurt am Main.

Financing

To finance construction, rehabilitation and maintenance of public spaces, more and more public-private partnerships are increasingly propagated and carried out, mainly because the care and maintenance of public spaces in the course of saving the city budgets is difficult. In various communities, it is also already come to take over the maintenance of public parks by private associations and interest groups. Such Civic Association, for example, emerged from the club Lichtenrade East eV ( Bilo ) and leads since 1981 under the name Trägerverein Lichtenrader public park maintaining a green space in Berlin- Lichtenrade by.