Quercus velutina
Dyer's oak (Quercus velutina )
The dyer's oak (Quercus velutina ), also Quercitron - oak or black oak - called, is a species of the genus of oaks (Quercus ) in the beech family ( Fagaceae ). As the common name dyer's oak suggests, it is a dye plant.
- 5.1 Notes and references
Description
Appearance, bark and leaves
The dyer's oak grows as a deciduous tree reaching heights of growth of up to 25 meters. The tan or gray fluffy hairy terminal buds are egg-shaped with a length of 6 to 12 mm or ellipsoid to almost conical in cross section significantly pentagon.
The deeply furrowed, often broken into irregular blocks bark is dark brown on the outside dark gray to almost black, but inside striking yellow to orange. Even in relatively young trees tearing the bark into small fields, and the yellow color underneath is visible. The bark of the branches is rust - brown and hairless hairy to sparsely fluffy.
The alternate and spirally arranged on the branches of deciduous leaves have a length of 12 to 25 cm and are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The 2.5 to 7 cm long petiole is hairy hairless to sparsely fluffy. Placed The simple with a length of (rarely 8 to ) 10 to 30 cm and a width of 8 to 15 cm, ovate to wrong - ovate leaf blade with scalene, obtuse to gestutzer Spreitenbasis has five to nine lobes with deep indentations and with 15 to 50, grannenartigen tips on the leaf margin. On the bright green leaf underside the main nerves emerge clearly, there is somewhat hairy, otherwise it is bare. The dark green upper leaf surface is bare and also stand out the main nerves.
Generative features
The dyer's oak is monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ).
The one with a height of 7 to 14 mm and a diameter of 12 to 22 mm cup - to top-shaped fruit cup ( cupula ) is outside hairy fluffy and covered half of the glans. The over the winter on the tree abiding bald acorn ( nut fruit ) has a length of 1 to 2 cm and a diameter of 1 to 1,8 cm nearly spherical to ovoid.
The basic chromosome number is n = 12 ± 1 and the diploid set of chromosomes 2n = 24
Dissemination
The distribution area of Dyer's Oak is located in eastern North America. It occurs in the central states such as Pennsylvania, Georgia, South and North Carolina, especially in the southern New England. It grows mainly on dry slopes and plateaus at altitudes 0-1500 meters.
System
The species name Quercus velutina was by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck in J. Monnet de Lamarck et al first published the Encyclopédie méthodique, Botanique, 1, 1785, p 721. . A synonym for Quercus velutina Lam. is Quercus tinctoria W.Bartram. Quercus velutina is part of the section in the genus Quercus Lobatae.
Quercus velutina forms hybrids with Q. coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis ( = Q. × paleolithicola Trelease ), Q. falcata [= Q. × willdenowiana ( Dippel ) Zabel and Q. × pinetorum Moldenke ) ], Q. ilicifolia ( = Q. × rehderi Trelease ), Q. imbricaria ( = Q. × leana Nuttall ), Q. incana, Q. laevis and Q. laurifolia ( = Q. × cocksii Sargent; were not reviewed the details of EJPalmer 1948 for the hybrids with Q. marilandica, Q. nigra, Q. palustris ( = Q. × vaga EJPalmer & Steyermark ), Q. phellos ( = Q. × filialis Little), Q. rubra, Q. shumardii and perhaps Q. arkansana.
Use
The bark / bark of the dyer's oak is used for dyeing, but has been used throughout history in painting color paint. The yellow dye is the flavone quercetin ( = pentahydroxyflavone ); it is extracted from the inner bark. In trade, the ground bark, under the name " Quercitron " ( which was composed of oak and Quercus for citrina for yellow) was expelled. It has been used for dyeing leather.
The indigenous peoples of North America used the dyer's oak in their folk medicine.
Swell
- Kevin C. Nixon: Quercus in the Flora of North America, Volume 3, 1997: Online. (Section Description, distribution and systematics)