René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou
René- Nicolas -Charles -Augustin de Maupeou ( born February 25, 1714 † July 29, 1792 in Thuit in the Eure ) was Chancellor of France.
Life
Maupeou was the eldest son of René -Charles de Maupeou (1688-1775), who had been from 1743 to 1757 President of the Parliament of Paris. In 1744 he married a wealthy heiress, Anne de Roncherolles, a cousin of Madame d' Epinay, went into public life and became the right hand of his father in the conflicts between Parliament and Christophe de Beaumont, Archbishop of Paris, the was supported by the yard. Between 1763 and 1768, a period during which the process of Voltaire Jean Calas resumed posthumously, Maupeou was even President of the Parliament. In 1768 he became Chancellor, that is as much as Minister of Justice, through the patronage of Choiseul, whose fall was essentially his work two years later. In this office he was the successor of his father, who kept it had only a few days.
He decided to support the authority of the king against the Parliament, which tried in association with the approximately 10 parliaments of the provinces, to claim the tasks of the Estates-General itself. He allied himself with the Duke of Aiguillon and Madame Dubarry and secured Abbé Joseph Marie Terray the Office of the Controller General.
The battle resulted in the trial of the case of the Duke d'Aiguillon, ex- governor of Brittany, and La Chalotais, the Attorney General of the province, who had been arrested by the governor because of allegations against his administration. When Parliament showed its hostility to Aiguillon, Maupeou let the process by Louis XV. reflected. Ludwig responded to remonstrances of Parliament with a lit de justice, in which he demanded the surrender of the case files. On November 27, 1770 appeared a dit de Regulations et de discipline, which was announced by the Registrar. It was prohibited to judges ( " magistrats " ), the different branches or "classes" of Parliament to define as part of an " indivisible " single Parliament; the exchange of files and remonstrances between the various parliaments was prohibited. Furthermore, a strike on the part of parliaments was prohibited and requires that after a single remonstrance against a royal decree, the Parliament should not block the registration of the edict.
The judge refused to register this edict; it was registered in a Lit de Justice on December 7th in Versailles, whereupon the parliament stopped its activity. After five subpoenas to resume their service, the magistrates were taken by surprise on the night of January 19, 1771 single by musketeers and had to confirm with yes or no, a further invitation to return. Thirty-eight judges gave a positive response, but as their former colleagues were exiled by lettres de cachet, they withdrew their consent and were subsequently also banned. Maupeou installed a Royal Court ( Parlement Maupeou ), who should take over the judiciary to establish new upper courts in the provinces and a new parliament in Paris. Next, the Cour des aides was abolished.
Voltaire praised this revolution and applauded the abolition of the old hereditary magistracies. In general Maupeous policy but was seen as a triumph of tyranny. The protests of the princes, the nobility and the lower courts were punished with exile and oppression, and towards the end of 1771 the new court system has been introduced.
The death of Louis XV. in May 1774 ruined the Registrar. After the re-establishment of parliaments by Louis XVI. began a new confrontation between the king and the judiciary. Maupeou Terray and were replaced by Malesherbes and Turgot. Until his death in 1792 Maupeou lived in retirement and the fall of the ancien régime could still experience.
The separation of the judiciary from politics and reform of associated with the hereditary magistracies abuse were later confirmed by the Revolution.