Roman calendar#Nundinal cycle
The term Nūndinum used in the Roman Empire (Latin: Nundinae, nine -day) means a nine-day period. Including the inclusive counting, however, is only eight days. With Nundinae as the market days were called, which were embedded in the Roman eight -day week.
Nundinae as Feriae
In the Roman calendar, the Nundinae were connected to the four solid days calends, nones, ides and Tubilustrium that could also be subject to their calendar function of double counting. In this respect, a bandwidth of 28 to 31 days was possible for four calendar Nundinae. The Nundinae began at one of the four fixed calendar days always at noon.
From 287 BC the Lex Hortensia Nundiae possessed due to the Feriae character and resulted in the later Roman Republic as Fas days a ban on assembly. The Roman historian and antiquarian Granius Licinianus took in his writings, which he wrote in the 2nd century AD that the Nundinae at the same time Jupiter victims were days ( feriae Iovis ). Julius Modestus, a Latin grammarian of the early 1st century AD, added to this, that the pontiffs did not consider Nundinae as Feriae. However, it is shown that the god Jupiter was at the Nundinae offerings from the Flaminica in the Regia.
Nundinae and Nundinalzyklus
Born around 254 BC playwright Plautus connected the Nundinae with a special status, because these days a cook with a particular expertise prepared elaborate meals. Varro also knows that at the Nundinae there has been no school education and "man shaved his beard ." In contrast, in the later period are missing evidence for the special role of Nundinae. Further studies suggest that the special character of Nundinae referred to the Nundinalzyklus.
The meeting of Nundinae market days with the four orientation days of the Roman calendar is first documented at the end of the Roman Republic. Similar situations can be observed also for Feriae -day, some of Feriae -day retained their hard character, but the holding of the market day did not prevent, as the entries in the Fasti Amiterni occupy for 15 and July 19 as NP- days. Very important occasions justified a shift in market days. The decisive criterion for the decision of a transfer of market days exposed to any religious motives, but focused mostly on the nature of the feast, whose unchecked alignment should be worn with the displacement calculation. Macrobius refers to another foundation that was responsible for a relocation of the market day in the year 78 BC:
" It often happens that the Nundinae fall on the first day of the year or the Nones. Two circumstances that were considered to be particularly negative omen for the Roman Republic. In order to avoid a clash with the markets, the holding of the market day was to move. "
Cassius Dio described for the year 44 AD, just casually laying of the market day by reason of meeting with another important feast day, as such relocations " else happened many times too." In contrast, documented by Cassius Dio for the year 52 BC, the holding of the market day at a New Year's Day, which was not only shifted due to favorable sign:
"So because nothing else happened in good order. The market was held this time at first Ianuarius. Because you felt this was not an accident but as a portent, it frightened the Romans less than that an owl was seen in the city ... Also was, in my opinion, the same in the previous year to the end ducted over the Serapis and Isis decision to be regarded as no less foreboding. For their built at the expense of individuals temple had to be torn down on the orders of the senate ... and also, as their public worship was finally enforced, allowed their temple but only be built outside the city walls. "
Replacement of Nundinalzyklus through the 7 -day week
When the Nundinalzyklus in daily life more in Rome and in the Roman domination of the 7 -day week is unclear in detail. Legally, the liability of the 7 -day week shall be made only with the Emperor Constantine from 321 AD in the legislation on labor and judicial Tags freedom of Sunday.