Rupelian
As Rupelium ( in German usage usually Rupel or Rupel stage) a time interval of the Paleogene is known in Earth's history. It is the lower stratigraphic level of the Oligocene ( Paleogene ) and is equated with the Oligocene. It ranges geochronological about 33.9 to 28.1 million years. The stage following the Priabonium and is detached from the Chattian. In northern Germany the term Rupelium is also used for a regional level, but whose boundaries do not coincide with the global stage. It ranges from about 32.5 to 29.5 million years. In the literature, this regional level is often quoted. Desirable a vacancy on the global stage to avoid confusion with the same name would be excluded.
- 8.1 Literature
- 8.2 Notes and references
Naming and history
The stage is named after the Rupel, a right tributary of the Scheldt near Antwerp (Belgium ). And stage name was suggested by the Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont 1850.
The Oligocene was introduced in 1854 by Heinrich Ernst Beyrich and divided into three levels - lower, middle and Oberoligozän. The Rupelium corresponded at that time still the Mitteloligozän. This threefold division was created in 1980 by the ICS in the two-stage subdivision - as amended - Rupelium and Chattian. The Rupelium hence the Oligocene was added beaten. The Oligocene was among the regional stage names Latdorf ( ium ) (North German Plain ), Sannoisium (or Sannoisien - Paris basin ) or Tongrium ( Tongeren group desBelgischen pelvis ) are known.
Definition and GSSP
The beginning of the stage is defined by the extinction of the foraminiferal genus Hantkenina that end by the extinction of the foraminiferal genus Chiloguembelina ( corresponding to the base of foraminiferal Zone P21b ). A reference profile ( GSSP = Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the Rupelium has not yet been determined.
Stratotype
The original, already described by Dumont stratotype of Rupeliums, the Rupel Group, located in the Belgian Basin.
Occurrence
In addition to the listed stratotype the Rupelium occurs in the following Sedimentationsräumen:
- Paris Basin - Lower Stampium ( Stampien inférieur ) with the Marnes à Huîtres and the Sables de Fontainebleau.
- Hampshire Basin - Bouldnor lineup.
- North German Plain - Rupelton or Septarienton.
- Lower Rhine Valley - Walsumer sand, clay and Ratingen Lintforter layers
- Upper Rhine Valley - Foraminiferenmergel, fish shale or Amphisyleschiefer and Melettaschiefer
- North Alpine Molassevortiefe - Lower Marine Molasse with interpreting Hausener layers Heller marl ( Dynow marl ), bands marl layers ( Egger thing Formation), marl layers, and block layers in a broader sense
- Northern Limestone Alps - Inner Alpine Molasse and eye stone layers
- Northern Italy - Castelgomberto layers
- Egypt - Gebel -el- Qatrani lineup
Magnetostratigraphy
The lower limit of Rupeliums to Priabonium is magnetostratigraphisch in the upper portion of Chron 13r C, more precisely at C 13r.86. It then comprises the Chron's 13n C, C 12, C 11 and C 10, the upper limit for Chattian coincides with the beginning of Chron C 10n.2n.
Biostratigraphy
Planktonic foraminifera
The planktonic foraminifera of the zones can Rupeliums P 18, P 19, P 20 and P 21 are assigned. The genera Pseudohastigerina and Chiloguembelina occur for the last time ( LAD). Newly added (FAD ), the taxa Globigerina and Globorotalia ciperoensis angulisuturalis opima opima. The major forms of Nummulites Vascus and Nummulites fichteli justify the zone SBZ 21; become even Nummulites bouillei and Bullalveolina added so this defines the zone SBZ 22a.
Calcareous nannoplankton
The calcareous nannoplankton forms in Rupelium the zones NP 21 (upper half), NP22, NP 23 and NP 24 (lower half). The taxa Eric Sonia subdisticha, Eric Sonia formosa and Reticulofenestra umbilicus dying out. For the first time appear Sphenolitus distentus and Sphenolitus ciperoensis.
Dinoflagellates
The basis derived from dinoflagellate cyst zonation for the Rupelium is: D 13, D 14 and D 15, the lower portion of the following taxa from die: Areosphaeridium diktyoplokum, Spiniferites sp. 1, Enneadocysta arcuata and Phtanopteridinium amoenum. New cysts occur Chiropteridium galea, Wetzeliella gochtii, Apteodinium spiridoides and Saturnodinium pansum.
Land mammal biozones
This includes Rupelium, separated by specific continents, following land mammal biozones (Land Mammal Mega Zones):
- Europe ( ELMMZ ): Suevium and lowest Arvernium. It disappear primates ( mostly ) and the Pseudosciuridae as well as the genera Palaeotherium, Bothriodon, Plagiolophus ministri, Entelodon, Issiodoromys medius, Blainvillimys gregarius, Blainvillimys Helmeri and Blainvillimys heimersheimensis. For the first time enter the Rhinocerotidae, Viverridae and Soricidae and the genera Bothriodon, Blainvillimys gregarius, Blainvillimys Helmeri, Blainvillimys blainvillei, Issiodoromys medius and Issiodoromys minor on.
- North America ( NALMMZ ): Orellum, Whitneyum and lower Arikareeum. The Brontotheriidae, Pantolestidae and Hyracodontidae die out, also the genera Mesohippus, Hypertragulus calcurus, Bothriodon, Ischyromys and Merycoidodon. For the first time Talpinae and Erinaceidae as well as the genera Hypertragulus calcaratus, Protoceras, Diceratherium, Kalobatippus, Dinohyus, Palaeocastor and Meniscomys appear.
- South America: ( SALMMZ ): upper Mustersum and Tinguiriricum
- Asia ( ALMMZ ): Shandgolium
Grande Coupure
At the beginning of the faunal Rupeliums the earth was hit hard by the Grande Coupure, a massive turning point in the history of evolution, which was particularly in Europe immigrant with a major extinction of species, establishment of taxa and Neuradiation connected.