Scaffolding

A scaffold is a temporary, generally reusable construction consisting of mostly standardized scaffold components made ​​of wood or metal, steel or aluminum, which is used as a working platform for formwork or as a protective device.

Usage

A working scaffold is to perform work on building parts that are otherwise difficult or impossible to access, such as plastering or work on the gutter. It must be strong enough to pay that workers, their work unit and the necessary working material. A working framework on which only a plumber has to install a gutter, so it can be executed in a lighter way as a scaffold to be executed by the stone work on the facade. Scaffolding is described in DIN EN 12811:2004.

Scaffolds are not intended to run from there work on the building, but to the workers and passers-by to protect against falling or to protect them from falling parts. The safety scaffold is one such protective scaffolding. It provides fall protection at unprotected work surfaces such as in not yet raised walls. The roof scaffold is required in order to secure the workers on the roof in front of a deeper crash. The roof scaffold also serves as protection for the people underneath against falling objects. In areas over which work is carried out for a longer period, it may be necessary to arrange shelters on scaffolding to protect pedestrians or workers safe from falling objects. Scaffolds are described in DIN 4420-1:2004.

Falsework is an auxiliary construction, which is used for walls, arches and vaults.

In concrete formwork scaffolding come in support of the empty form work used.

Support systems

Frameworks are also distinguished by their support system.

• In a standing scaffolding covering the parts are attached to or on a, on the ground fixed scaffolding as part of a wooden rod, a " leader" or a frame. This is the most commonly used carrier.
• A suspended scaffold is then applied when a still frame can not be found. This is often on bridges or similar structures in particular. The suspension is mounted either on its own bridge-like component, on a boom or on a console.
• In a boom stand ( Austrian designation: Committee structure) carriers are mounted on the ceiling, the furniture elements are placed on the. It should be noted that the wall penetrations for the carrier may be closed only after the dismantling of the scaffolding.
• In a bracket scaffold brackets are mounted on the outer wall in cast- attach, which must be removed after the dismantling of the scaffold. State frameworks, however, need only a few attachment points ( anchors ), which in the form of plugs - can be left or threaded sleeves in the facade - usually made ​​of nylon.

Embodiment

• Rod scaffolds Rod scaffolds made of wooden poles are no longer common in Germany. In this embodiment, the wooden poles were associated with hemp ropes or special backbone chains. The structure requires comprehensive knowledge and skills at the binding of the compound node, which currently apply only to older specialized scaffolders, he also takes a lot of time in setting up and dismantling. In less developed countries, they are still common. In Asia, bamboo scaffolding for scaffolding of high rise buildings are still in use today, as they collapse not equal in seismic shocks.
• In particular structural situations rod scaffold structures, specifically steel tube and coupler scaffold, may be required, their components - so-called structural couplings - made ​​of cast material with corresponding connectors.

• Framework scaffolds are scaffolds system with which the assembly time is significantly reduced. In Germany the system frame scaffolds are also called " frameworks of special construction" whose static proof must be provided by calculations and tests by the manufacturer. Following examination by the German Institute for Building Technology temporary is then " General technical approval " granted. The system frame structure is mainly used as working and safety scaffold for the safe handling of facades or as a protective structure that prevents the fall of persons or material. It is divided into six classes and seven load width classes. Depending on the work, the client selects the appropriate load class width and class.
• Modular scaffolding system are towers where on the uprights at regular intervals (generally 50 cm) pre- attached nodes ( welded ) are. These are used for attaching other scaffolding components such as bars, diagonals, brackets or other vendor-specific components. Module scaffolding are the economic and assembly time saving development of the steel tube and coupler scaffolds. They are used mainly as a surface or space frame, eg in the industry as working and safety scaffold. They are also divided into six load classes.

Parts of the framework

Scaffolds consist of a few parts.

The vertical frame standing on feet that are height adjustable by a screw, so that irregularities in the substrate can be compensated. At a frame may be stacked on top another frame. Scaffolding floors or mats are placed on the frames forming the floor of the frame. Modern system scaffolding clamp the flooring between the two frames so that they can not be lifted out by mistake or by suction. For a smooth and dismantling it is important that all frames are exactly perpendicular and all scaffold platforms are horizontal. The promotion and relegation between floors allow the ladder transitions, which today are usually made ​​of special scaffolding decks with built-in flap and permanently mounted, fold-up ladder.

The framework guided the loads into the foundation from which prevent scaffold platforms that single frame drop and stiffen the frame horizontally. On the outer side of the framework diagonal braces are attached, to prevent the whole frame can fall in the longitudinal direction. Thus, it does not fall over in the transverse direction, the framework is anchored usually by eye bolts in special structure anchors the building. A proof of stability ( static ) required - Basically, for each stand - that is not a rule execution. For system scaffolding it can be replaced under the condition of its intended use by the type approval.

The vertical tubes of the frame are equipped with fastening possibilities in which balustrades are mounted in two planes. Downstairs also has a toe board between the supports are clamped, so you can not slide through if one slips under the railings and so that no material can fall down. The narrow - or ends are secured by railings and end toe boards. One speaks here of a three-part side protection.

To accommodate the stand to the contours of a building (for example, projecting ledges ), brackets can be screwed to the supports, can be suspended in the other flooring planks. Larger distances, for example, for garages, can be bridged by the incorporation of lattice girders, on which bottom frame are fixed to couplings.

Large stands are equipped with climbing lifts for material and personnel transport.

Lifts for the transport of material should be imposed only from a tower height of 14 m and a platform width of 10 m, but even at lower altitudes economically and ergonomically.

In the elevators, a distinction:

• The building elevator is allowed usually only for material transport. However, there are also for the transport of persons approved construction hoist. Here then are much stricter and lower lifting speeds.
• The transport platform is only authorized to provide the material transport and installation drive when setting up the stage.
• The mast climbing work platform is approved for the transport of goods as well as for passenger transport.

The respective anchor grid are the assembly and use instructions ( to be displayed at each of the various lifting equipment ) to remove. This includes the capacity and the installation conditions to be found.

Standardize

Europe apply for working scaffolds Euro Norms EN 12810 or EN 12811 with its parts. In Germany a distinction is made in the standardization between the working and protection frameworks. Therefore, it is also available in Germany for scaffolds own so-called "residual norm" DIN 4420-3-2006-01 with selected types of scaffolding constructions and their standard designs. For Shoring however, Europe EN 12812:2004 and EN 12813:2004 apply. Mobile scaffolds ( Rolling scaffolding ) are governed by DIN 4422-1 or HD 1004:1992. Other DIN standards and Euro standards regulate the requirements for individual framing members. DIN 18451 VOB / C General technical specifications in construction contracts. Scaffolding. usually forms the basis for execution and settlement. In addition, the health and safety regulations must be observed.

Health and safety regulations

In the workplace legislation differentiates between:

• Creating the framework
• Providing a framework
• Use of the framework by employer

When creating a framework, the scaffolding mode, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, its Regulation, in this Ordinance on Industrial Safety, Self-assessment, and the "Technical regulations for safety in - TRBS " TRBS 1203 and 2121 TRBS comply with Part 1. In compliance with the " Technical Rules for Safe Use" can so far make the presumption of compliance with the provisions of the Ordinance on Industrial Safety claims for the employer. The creation of the framework may only be performed by a competent person (TRBS 1203) and qualified and competent employees.

Providing a framework means that it is completely or partially constructed and characterized by a strength and stability calculations according to DIN specifications, assembly and use instructions ( standard version ) or and for use is provided ( in the market) ( Product Safety Act - ProdSG ). The Equipment and Product Safety Act GPSG - was replaced on December 1, 2011 by the Product Safety Act - ProdSG. The regulations for this law to be created at the time. For the scaffold rental (paid provision ) it is still pending.

To use the stand by the employer, it must be the framework ( labor agents whose safety mounting conditions depend § 10 Self-assessment) before first entering the workforce have it checked by a competent person. If the employer or the employee is no competent person in accordance with TRBS 1203, the employer has to make this check by an external competent person. Prior to the commencement of work by employees of the employer for the workplace ( construction site, Object ... ) has to be determined by a risk assessment documentary hazards and instruct the employees accordingly. Here he has to inform the employees also, that renovation work on the framework only by a competent person and appropriate staff of the scaffold builder (scaffolding specialist company ) should be made.

Scaffolding contract

Scaffolding Contract consists of the elements of construction, provision and of degradation. It has the particularity that does not pass the " work" in the property of the purchaser. While that is setting up and dismantling of the scaffold to qualify as a contract, reserving the framework meets the criteria of the lease. Because of this ambiguous position is disputed, the law applicable to the contract scaffolding.

Manufacturer of system scaffolding

Known manufacturers of system scaffolds are ALFIX, Layher, Altrad, uA the brands Plettac Assco, Altrad Baumann, Harsco (formerly Hünnebeck ), Doka or PERI.

Other terms relating to scaffolding

But figuratively framework also referred to a plan, design, or construction of an execution fundamentally prepared (thoughts scaffolding, scaffolding for the novel, etc.).

General is called scaffolding also a climbing aid, which will enable the achievement of certain heights. There is this game stands and such to build.