Second lieutenant

Engineering corps (left) / People's Navy (right)

The sub-lieutenant ( NVA original abbreviation Ultn. ) Is a soldier in the lowest officer rank. It belongs to the rank group of lieutenants and subalterns. The rank was 1662/74 first introduced in France and has been adopted by other armies.

Germany

In some German armies of the 19th century there were before 1871, the gradation Lieutenant ( First Lieutenant ) - Lieutenant ( Secondelieutenant ) without the degree " second lieutenant ". A midshipman existed until 1898 in the Imperial Navy, he met the Seconde - Lieutenant of the German army.

In the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht, and the German army there was the rank of sub-lieutenant at any time.

GDR

Following the Soviet armed forces and other armed forces of the Warsaw Pact in the armed organs of the GDR was the second lieutenant of the lowest-ranking officer.

The official grade designation of the People's Navy was initially midshipman, but was later changed to a second lieutenant. In individual usage, however, the traditional designation of sub-lieutenant continued to get to the lake.

For officers of the NVA the rule standing time was two years for the transport from second lieutenant to lieutenant.

Training

Under lieutenants of the NVA were since usually no professional officers, but regular soldiers or " officers on time" ( OAZ ), undertook which attained university entrance (Abitur ) for active military service of at least three, from 1982 at least four years in the NVA. Their military training was usually by a one-year study at a high school officer, which closed with the appointment as a second lieutenant. Immediately after the transfer was made for troops serving in the various branches of the armed forces of the NVA. There, under lieutenants were regularly used in the service position of platoon leader if they do not - could be used for special uses - due to special skills, abilities or knowledge, for example.

Certain conditions, such as a reserve officer training course during their studies if required and existence, suitable reservists were appointed have successfully completed a civilian university education after a call-up for military service reservists sub-lieutenant of the reserve. Graduates of technical schools were also appointed second lieutenant of the reserve. Partly also specially qualified long-serving staff sergeant was appointed sub-lieutenant.

Acquisition in the Bundeswehr

Under lieutenants were taken after the dissolution of the NVA in 1990 only in exceptional cases in the Bundeswehr. At the request, if necessary, suitable and successful individual assessment by an independent audit committee, the MAD survey, the first security check and a preliminary assessment of an acquisition as time or professional soldier could take place. In general, an acquisition in the Bundeswehr was associated with the reduction in rank. The Bundeswehr- standard qualifications had to be provided or made ​​up in each case. If the following security checks and security investigations, which was basically associated with an individual assessment to a former Stasi activities, circumstances arose that represented a security risk for further activity in the armed forces, was the immediate termination without and dishonorable discharge. Of the 39,000 former NVA officers were still about 3,600 mainly service period younger well-educated and well- judged soldiers taken. The female former NVA officers were all dismissed without exception. Here is a takeover was possible as a civilian employee under the federal standard stipulations, regulations and procedures.

Austria

In the Austrian Federal Army, the rank of sub- lieutenant does not exist, but there is the rank of Deputy Lieutenants, which is, however, a non-commissioned officer (and thus not the same as the sub-lieutenant ). According to the NATO scheme ( gold star ), the NATO - lieutenant in Austria NATO sub- lieutenant, a lieutenant, a lieutenant (two gold stars ).

Other countries in the Warsaw Pact

The sub-lieutenant (OF -1c) gave it as the lowest rank of the rank group of officers in other armed forces of the Warsaw Pact.

• Bulgaria Bulgaria, ⇒ Младши лейтенант ( Mladschi leitenant ) (until 2010)
• Soviet Union Soviet Union ⇒ Младший лейтенант ( Mladschi leitenant )
• Romania Romania ⇒ Sublocotenent
• Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ⇒ Podporučík
• Hungary Hungary ⇒ Alhadnagy (1951-1990)

In Poland, there has not been this rank, the Polish podporucznik - although the West Slavic meaning literally " sub-lieutenant " - equivalent to a lieutenant of the other Warsaw Pact countries. In today belonging to NATO Czech Republic is the rank of second lieutenant, with the exception of Podporučík OF1c the Czech armed forces until 2011, not to be confused with the ranking OF1b Unterporutschik.

Presence

Even today the officer rank is a second lieutenant after the NATO rank code OF1c still in some countries present (eg France, Italy, etc. ). Examples are the rank names sous- lieutenant, subleutenanto, Subteniente, Sottotenente, mladschi lejtenant, podporucik etc. which are the German term lieutenant comparable. To some extent, for OF -D Ranks also otherwise designations, such as officer candidate in the U.S. Navy used.

The lieutenant OF- D is also present in the armed forces, an officer rank, although this of some languages ​​Ensign ( Ensign, Alferez ) is translated. So the equivalent in Spain Alferez the sub-lieutenant ( also in Portugal), the Subteniente but the ensign. Ironically, in the Spanish-speaking countries of South America, it is exactly the opposite. In Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden) and Finland is the ensign of the lowest officer grade, equivalent to the Danish Sekondeløjtnant or the second lieutenant.

The majority, as well as in the armed forces, but the OF -1 rank is the lowest officer rank, which is the lieutenant, second lieutenant and pilot officer comparable.

The Austrian Vice- Lieutenant, however, is a non-commissioned officer ranks ( comparable to the historic Prussian Warrant Officer Class ), it corresponds to about one ( upper ) Sergeant or ensign of the Bundeswehr.

• Grade ( National People's Army )
• Officer rank