Self-care deficit nursing theory
The theory of self-care was developed by Dorothea Orem and tested. In 1971 she published the book "nursing concepts of practice" and placed it in front of this theory to the public.
Under Orem self-care refers to all deliberate and conscious actions that are applied to achieve health and well-being, to maintain or restore. Either these activities can be performed by a itself or by third parties.
- 5.1 Fully -compensating
- 5.2 Partially offsetting
- 5.3 Supportive - educative
Dependence care
Dependence care is the care provided by non-professional forces, ie family, relatives, friends or acquaintances for Orem. You take action of self-care of the patient, these based on age (eg infants, preschoolers ) or illness ( eg dementia sufferers ) can not run. Thus, man is a social being for Orem, he helps himself ( honorary) are mutually exclusive.
Self-care needs
The need for self-care is dependent on the needs of the people and also is related to age, level of development and health. Orem describes the needs as ' Selbstplegeerfordernisse ' and divides them into three groups:
General or universal self-care requirements
These requirements, every person equally. This includes the maintenance of oxygen consumption, water intake, food intake and excretion.
Developmental self-care needs
Due to the different stages of life, some self-care needs change. The phases are:
- Embryo
- Infant
- Toddler
- Preschool child
- School-age child
- During youth
- Adults up to the age
Health self-care needs
Due to health restrictions such as illness or disability caused in part new or move it to other self-care needs.
Self-care skills
The self-care skills for the ability to judge the need for self-care right to make the decision to carry out the activities correctly, the proper conduct of the activities and the review of the effectiveness thereof. By disease self- care skills may be limited or even completely lost, so that outside help is required, which can be done by professional health and nursing or Caregivers.
Self-care deficit
If there is an imbalance between self- care needs ( general self-care needs ), and self-care skills, which can not be offset by dependence care, Orem speaks of self-care deficits. If a self-care deficit determined, professional care is always required.
Care systems
Since only so much care should be given, as it is necessary, it is important to analyze the self-care skills accurately and to compare with the self- care needs. Then one of the defined Orem care systems should be selected:
Fully compensating
Here, the nurse takes over the entire self- care actions, the patient does nothing for the performance of the measures.
Partially offset
Here are some self-care measures are carried out by the patient himself, others in which the patient has difficulty through the nurse.
Supportive - educative
The nurse is limited in this case only on the motivation, guidance and encouragement to carry out the self- care actions. The focus here is the patient's teaching.
The care systems should be understood as dynamic systems. It is quite possible that a patient takes in a situation all three care systems in parallel to complete. For example, it can not alone washing his feet, the torso under the instruction but already. Thus he takes the partly compensatory, and supportive - educative nursing the system to complete.