Siegfried Marcus
Siegfried Marcus ( born September 18, 1831 in Malchin, † July 1, 1898 in Vienna; Complete name: Siegfried Samuel Marcus ) was a predominantly living in Vienna mechanic and inventor. Because of an erroneous dating his second motor car to the year 1875, he was sometimes also currently referred to as the inventor of the automobile ( especially in Austria ) until about the 1960s and beyond.
Life
Siegfried Marcus was the son of the merchant Liepmann Marcus, who served on the board of Malchiner Jewish community, and his wife, Rosa, born Philip was born. According to tradition, he graduated in his home town at the mechanic Lilge an apprenticeship as a mechanic. In 1845 he went to Hamburg. About this time nothing authentic is known. From there he moved to Berlin, where he worked by its own account in the newly founded by Siemens and Halske workshop. Also over the time in Berlin there are no primary historical sources. The archives of Siemens contradict Marcus, his name appears nowhere on. Through his migration to Vienna Marcus offered no military service in Prussia; whether military service was to escape a motive for his move to Vienna, is unknown.
In 1852, he settled down in Vienna and remained here until his death. He pleaded to the Lutheran faith. Marcus worked in the workshop of the kk Mechanic Carl Eduard Kraft and 1854 as a laboratory technician and mechanic at the Imperial Institute of Physics. From 1855 to 1856 he worked at the Imperial Geological Institute. In 1856 he opened his first laboratory in Vienna Mariahilferstrasse, which he called Telegraphenbauanstalt. There - and from 1890 on in the near Mondscheingasse - produced equipment for the graphics industry, telegraph equipment, electrical detonator for military and civilian purposes ( the Prussian Army used its diesel engine in the Franco-German War ), lamps and lighting fittings, gas, alcohol and gasoline lamps and the like. With the generation of these devices and the sale of his numerous patents Marcus earned his livelihood.
Made famous have him his carburetor, gasoline engines and especially his two motor cars. He latter, however, as the engines can make by other companies, since this failed him in his small workshop the possibilities. Much of it has even Marcus invented or developed.
Overall, Marcus has logged some 130 patents in many areas in several countries. At the Paris World Fair of 1867 he received a silver medal, by the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I, he was also excellent.
In this house in Mondscheingasse in the 7th district of Vienna lived and worked Siegfried Marcus last
Marcus monument in front of the Vienna Technical University. The term " inventor of the automobile in 1864 " refers to the first Marcus car, but the dates of 1870, and was already in the construction of the monument in 1931 controversial.
Honorary grave of Siegfried Marcus in Vienna's Central Cemetery
On July 1, 1898 Siegfried Marcus died. His heirs were his long-time companion Eleonora Baresch and their two daughters Eleonora Maria and Rosa Maria Anna. He retained the nationality of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg -Schwerin until his death. Originally buried in the cemetery Hütteldorfer, Siegfried Marcus rests with his companion in a grave of honor in Vienna's Central Cemetery (Group 0, number 1, number 101). Many Austrian cities and towns have a Marcus alley, road, or the like. In 1925 in Vienna Penzing ( 14th district ) was named the Marcus alley after him.
Because of his Jewish background, Marcus was hushed up at the time of the Nazi dictatorship. His monument was removed from the Vienna Resselpark. The valuable second Marcus car could be saved thanks to clever tactical maneuvering of the Technical Museum of Vienna and the owner before administrative access. With independence, the monument was re-erected on its original place.
The tragedy of Siegfried Marcus is based in an invention that has been attributed to him by mistake and has also made him known throughout the world in any case in Austria and to a certain degree: the alleged invention of the automobile in 1875, well ahead of Daimler and Benz. Hans Seper began in the late 1960s, source-critical work up the topic Marcus and thus destroys the simulacrum of the invention of the automobile by Siegfried Marcus. Recent research by Grössing, Bürbaumer, Hardenberg and others have confirmed Seper.
Many myths have been and are still spreading about Siegfried Marcus. You go for the most part to the controversial technology historical works by Franz Feldhaus and Alfred Buberl back. Feldhaus information on Marcus in the fame leaves of Technology (1910 ) in German technicians and engineers (1912 ), etc. are incorrect without references, in many important points and have contributed much to the confusion of the proportion of Marcus to the invention of the automobile. However, the main responsibility for the incorrect dating of the development of the second carriage by Marcus on 1875 or 1877 initially meets Ludwig Czischek - Christians. He appears, follow the listed in the itemization representations, the two cars of 1870 and 1888/89 simply mistaken to have.
Thus, among other things, without having any serious evidence, claiming that he was a close associate of Werner von Siemens in Berlin, worked in Vienna with Prof. Ludwig Institute at the Josephine and gave the young Crown Prince Rudolf science classes, or even that he had built the first complete car in the world in 1875 and was thus even traveled to Klosterneuburg near Vienna. In the short story The mile-eater, the Austrian poet Emil Ertl in 1927 a literary monument to Marcus - without reference to reality and without mentioning his name. This spin Marcus Erich called and said he had been loom mechanic.
Work
Motor Car
Both economically and for the further technical development of the two motor cars of the Siegfried Marcus were only of minor importance. To start with the advanced, all features of an automobile having second Marcus car production, it would have a profound reconstruction, especially the drive been necessary.
Second Marcus cars, 1888-89, image Vienna Technical Museum
Motor of the second Marcus car
Replica of the second Marcus car from the year 2006. In the background, the Technical Museum Vienna
First Marcus Cart
1870 Marcus built his first powered with a gasoline engine road vehicle, which was a motorized cart. Its engine was a compaction -free, direct-acting two-stroke engine, Lenoir system, which tells the current two -stroke engine only the name. For the gasoline -air mixture caused a surface carburetor, the Marcus was patented in this form 1866. As such, surface carburetor were not new, Marcus himself thus spoke in his patents of improvements. The ignition was carried out by electro - magneto ignition. Marcus had already developed in the 1860s, several such fuses for various military and civilian purposes and patented.
Contemporary newspaper reports that led Marcus with this car, lacking the essential components of an automobile such as brakes, steering, clutch, and the like, trial trips in the local area through his workshop.
Thanks Handwritten notes on two photographs, the vehicle can be dated to 1870, in opposition to a drive report from 1904, where 1866 is the speech. The year 1864 in some reports called, although no reliable evidence. This so-called "First Marcus Car" is the first gasoline powered road vehicle, on which there is authentic historical sources. Neither cars nor motor have been preserved. However, there are some exact replicas, such as the local museum of Marcus ' birthplace Malchin. The oldest is in the Siegfried Marcus vocational school in Vienna, whose engine is run according to witness reports.
Second Marcus Cart
Without this vehicle and its erroneous dating to 1875, and thus before Benz and Daimler, Marcus would today probably only a small circle of interested the history of technology. " Whether its second car in 1875 or only 1888/89 was ready to drive for a long time it was uncertain today the later dating is regarded as certain ." This structure had all the components of a motor vehicle. The vehicle itself is one of the ÖAMTC since 1898 and is on loan to the Technical Museum in Vienna. The second Marcus car was built by the company Märky , Bromovsky & Schulz in the years 1888 /89, Adam Thal, Moravia. He was presented in 1898 to the Emperor Franz -Joseph- anniversary exhibition for the first time to a wide audience. The single-cylinder 1.5-liter four-stroke engine developed 0.75 hp and gave the vehicle on a flat, paved road at a speed of 5-8 km / h Innovative were the low voltage electrical break ignition ( magnetos, patent 1883) and the spray brush carburetor (patents in 1883 and 1887). Due to the modest mileage must also be said here of a prototype. In 1950, the car of Alfred Buberl was placed in roadworthy condition. Since then he has driven several times in public. It stands as the oldest preserved in fahrfähigem state gasoline-powered automobile listed building. In 2006, the Technical Museum in Vienna has made with the help of several sponsors, including the Czech company ADAST, successor of the former manufacturer Märky , Bromovsky & Schulz, of an original, operational replica. This takes several times a year in events such as antique car shows and take part.
Combustion engines and carburetors
A total of ten built Marcus engines are known. The first was built in 1870 and was used for the first Marcus car, motorized carts. Except for the last four motors from 1887 to 1888 by the company Märky , Bromovsky & Schulz in Adamsthal, Moravia (today: Adamov, Czech Republic) were built as four-stroke engines, the Marcus engines were compacting loose, direct-acting two-stroke gasoline engines modeled after the Lenoir gas engine and thus differed significantly from the four-stroke engine of Nicolaus August Otto.
Three four-stroke engines have been preserved. The oldest of them is a stationary engine and is located in the Technical Museum in Vienna. As was the second Marcus car in 1950 brought in a roadworthy condition, has this engine taken from the magneto and installed in the car because there was missing the original magnet. The second engine is installed in the car and very similar in design to the stationary engine, an " upside asked stationary engine ". The third motor is located in Prague 's Technical Museum. The fourth four-stroke engine was used for the " Locomobile " (see illustration) and is lost. Innovative were the magneto and carburetor engines. Initially used Marcus customary in the years 1860/70er surface carburetor, which he held patents for improvements in the mid- 1860s. Designed Marcus had this really carburetor for lighting purposes. They should serve as a location independent producers of gas for the then conventional gas lamps. Beginning in 1883, Marcus used by him invented spray brush carburetor, so atomizer and not evaporating as surface carburetor. These carburetors were completely new.
From the start he used magneto own design and no galvanic or incandescent or flame tube detonator. For four-stroke engines obtained electrodes protrude into the combustion chamber, the separation produced by the demolition spark.
From a brochure of the company Märky , Bromovsky and Schulz from 1888. About an actual production is not known.
From a brochure of the company Märky , Bromovsky and Schulz from 1888. About an actual production is not known.
Motor of the second Marcus car, built in 1888 by Märky , Bromovsky and Schulz
Four-stroke stationary engine from 1887, built by the company Märky , Bromovsky and Schulz. Very similar to the engine of the second Marcus car, Vienna Technical Museum in Development
Four-stroke stationary engine from 1888, upright design, Technical Museum, Prague
Patent drawing of the brush carburetor preheating, in Austria in 1887 patented. Exhaust gases to warm the fuel to avoid Gemischabmagerungen by evaporative cooling. The in the " gas tank " rotating brush sprayed fuel. This carburetor is located in the second Marcus car.
Spray brush carburetor of the stationary engine from 1887., The drive in the foreground can rotate the brush.
Marcus carburetor disassembled: In the carburetor housing the Zerstäuberbürste rotated (drive through a sewing machine ( = round ) belt ), the injected fuel to a heated tube, which led to the engine. A gate regulated the air circulation to prevent dependent speed and power in the mixture ratio of " fat " to " lean".
Both economically and for further technical progress of the engine of the Siegfried Marcus was meaningless. All engines were built strange, Marcus did not have enough resources to do so. Sources such as a requirement of his last engine manufacturer in the inheritance suggest that Marcus with the engines did not make any money, but lost. His detonator and carburetor did not exert influence on the further development of the internal combustion engine. In 1889 the German patents were sold to the carburetor and ignition for an undisclosed amount to Holland, but there never used. In 1887 Robert Bosch was able to continually improve its magneto ignition and use. 1890 Maybach and Daimler developed the spray nozzle carburetor used today, constructions which proved to be superior to that of Marcus.
Mechanical and electrical equipment, tools and the like
The small-scale production of various instruments, apparatus, lamps, igniters for civil and military purposes, devices for the graphics industry, tools and the like was Marcus ' main field of activity. He was in Vienna that time a well-known " all-rounder ". He had a remarkable time for this " media attention ", especially in electrical engineering journals. The well-known social philosopher and engineer Josef Popper - Lynkeus described him as the only one of the former Vienna Dynamos could build. The early 1860s tried Ludwig von Benedek, who later became hapless Austrian commander of Hradec Kralove, its pointer telegraph for the Austrian army from. At Siemens & Halske in Berlin, Marcus was able to sell a patent for an arc lamp. A rather obscure device for the direct generation of electricity from heat, called thermopile ( a thermal generator with an efficiency of only 0.0035 percent), he was sent to sell for good money at the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Vienna igniter, 1864, image: Technisches Museum Wien
"Anti Graph", ca 1850, a device to draw a mirror image on printing plates
" Pantograph " of 1855, a device to enlarge drawings corresponds functionally to a so-called cranesbill
Pantograph 1855, in other construction
Castle
" Schraubenkluppe ", a tool for threading
" Locomobile " in 1888, a wheeled dynamo, driven by a Marcus engine. On the far right in the picture Siegfried Marcus
Some of it is preserved it, for the most part in the Vienna Technical Museum. Also the Malchiner Folk Museum displays in Marcus's birthplace, a small but fine exhibition of loans from the Vienna Technical Museum.