Sondra (genus)

Sondra is a spider genus of the family of jumping spiders ( Salticidae ). The genus is widespread in Australia. She lives in the rainforests on the ground in leaf litter.

Description

The species of the genus Sondra are rather small jumping spiders, a few millimeters to less than an inch long. The body is elongated, the eye field takes approximately one half of the top of the carapace. Two pairs of eyes are directed forward, the front middle pair of eyes is the greatest. The posterior lateral and median eyes are approximately equidistant from each other at the edge of the carapace. This is more box-shaped as pear-shaped as in the other genres. The eyes do not have any bright colored edging.

The body coloration is usually dark brown to gray-brown, the females in some species a dark orange center stripe on the cephalothorax.

The jaw jaw wear two rows of teeth, Sondra therefore belongs to the group of Pluridentati within the jumping spiders. The first pair of legs is not substantially longer than the second.

The Palpalorgan the male is pear-shaped, the embolus crooked dagger -like and pointed. There is ever a antler -like branched or lobed appendage on the tibiae of the palps. These complicated shapes are typical of the genus Sondra while other species often have only a thickening or a mandrel at that point. The epigynum of the female carries a rear lobe.

Dissemination

All species of the genus Sondra are located in Australia. Their distribution depends on the climatic zones of the continent. Nine species are found only in the state of Queensland, only three in New South Wales, Sondra nepenthicola is widespread in both states. Sondra samambrayi has only been found in the state of South Australia, Sondra tristicula in Western Australia. Many species are endemic only in a very small area.

Species

The genus includes Sondra since 2002, 15 species:

  • Sondra aurea ( L. Koch, 1880) (New South Wales ), formerly Astia aurea aurea or Arasia
  • Sondra bickeli Zabka, 2002 ( New South Wales)
  • Sondra bifurcata Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)
  • Sondra brindlei Zabka, 2002 ( New South Wales)
  • Sondra bulburin Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)
  • Sondra convoluta Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)
  • Sondra damocles Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)
  • Sondra excepta Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)
  • Sondra finlayensis Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)
  • Sondra littoralis Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)
  • Sondra nepenthicola Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland, New South Wales)
  • Sondra raveni Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)
  • Sondra samambrayi Zabka, 2002 ( South Australia )
  • Sondra tristicula (Simon, 1909) (Western Australia ), formerly Astia tristicula
  • Sondra variabilis Wanless, 1988 ( Queensland)

Systematics and Taxonomy

The genus Sondra belongs to a kinship group within the jumping spiders to the genus Astia, which had been introduced in 1901 by Simon under the name Astieae. 1988 underwent Fred R. Wanless this group a revision and established several new genera, including the genus Sondra. Type of the genus is Sondra nepenthicola. In the same paper, he added this genus added ten new species. Marek Žabka 2002 described three new species and also questioned the L. Koch as Astia aurea first described by Wanless and the genus Arasia assigned to A. aurea in the genus Sondra.

Chelicerae Epigyne Ludwig Carl Christian Koch
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